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PSYC 333 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Multi-Contextual Influences in adolescence?

A

-normative age-graded influences are typically centered around school transitions (students go from middle to high school together)
-non-normative life influences (divorce)
-history-graded influences (COVID-19)

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2
Q

What is adolescence characterized by?

A

-adolescence is a period of dramatic life-defining changes in biological, cognitive, emotional, psychological, interpersonal, educational, and social contexts.
-it is a period of increased risk

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3
Q

What is the Storm and Stress view?

A

-G Stanley Hall proposed it in 1904
-it is “biopsychological vulnerability”
-4 aspects of change/development: hormonal, neurological, cognitive, and social

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4
Q

What are the 4 developments during adolescence according to the Storm and Stress view?

A
  1. Hormonal changes: they are a part of biological change
  2. Neurological development: also part of biological change (prefrontal cortex; limbic system)
  3. Cognitive development: the self and emotions
  4. Social development: changes in relationships with peers and parents
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5
Q

Is adolescence synchronous or dyssynchronous change?

A

-adolescence is a dyssynchronous change
-adolescence may be characterised by accelerated growth and development in one domain and slower in others (lack of synchrony).
-this leads to many ups and downs

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6
Q

What is puberty?

A

-a set of biological processes that transform the body into its adult state and results in reproductive capability.

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7
Q

What is the biological process of puberty?

A

-process starts with the hypothalamus (regulates hormone production)
-interaction of environment and genes regulate hypothalamus to signal to pituitary gland to secrete more gonadotropins
-those signal growth in the testes and ovaries –> secrete sex hormones (androgens & estrogens)
-new set-point reached that drives physical growth

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8
Q

What is physical growth like in adolescence?

A

-growth spurt in height and muscle mass
-from age 10-14, the average girl is taller but not heavier than the average boy
-distalproximal development: growth from the extremities toward the torso

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9
Q

What are the primary sexual characteristics?

A

-changes in the reproductive organs
-males: growth of testes, penis, scrotum, and spermarche (first ejaculation of semen)
-females: growth of the uterus and menarche (first menstrual period)

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10
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics?

A

-visible physical changes not directly linked to reproduction but signal sexual maturity
-males: broader shoulders; lower voice; coarser and darker hair; hair growth in pubic area, underarms, and face
-females: breast development (age 10), hips broaden, pubic and underarm hair develops and becomes darker and coarser

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11
Q

Which environmental factors are related to the onset of puberty?

A

-body fat, nutrition, stress and metabolism
-body fat secretes hormones that trigger the onset of puberty, signalling a readiness for biological reproduction

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12
Q

What are the 3 trends on the starting age of puberty?

A

-trend 1: age of puberty decreases as BMI increases
-trend 2: later cohorts reached puberty earlier
-trend 3: girls reach puberty earlier than boys (growth spurt begins at 10 for girls and 11 for boys)

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13
Q

What are the cultural differences in starting age of puberty?

A

-African American girls enter puberty the earliest
-Hispanic girls start puberty the second earliest
-European-American girls rank third in their age of starting puberty
-Asian-American girls develop last

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14
Q

What are the responses to puberty from early maturers?

A

-negative for girls; positive for boys
-for girls, early puberty is associated with depression, substance use, eating disorders, disruptive behaviour disorders, and early sexual behaviour

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15
Q

What are the responses to puberty from late maturers?

A

-more problematic for boys
-it takes them longer to reach the bodily ideals that promote strength for boys

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16
Q

What are the neurological developments of white/grey matter?

A

-increases in white matter, resulting in improvements in their thinking and processing skills
-period of exuberance and pruning, causing grey matter to become thinner but more efficient

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17
Q

What are the neurological developments of corpus callosum and hippocampus?

A

-corpus callosum continues to thicken allowing for stronger connections between brain areas
-hippocampus becomes more strongly connected to the frontal lobes –> greater integration of memory and experiences into our decision making

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18
Q

What are the changes in circadian rhythm?

A

-release of sleeping hormone (melatonin) occurs later
-some schoolboards adjusted their time to accommodate sleeping patterns of adolescents

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19
Q

What are the 2 major components of brain development?

A

-prefrontal cortex –> brakes (regulates behaviour, control impulses, organization, planning, and making good decisions)
-limbic region –> gas (emotion center associated with risk, reward, and pleasure)

20
Q

What are the characteristics of these 2 major components of brain development during adolescence?

A

-gap between 1 and 2 is the differential maturity
-period where they have more gas (limbic region developed first) and weak brakes (frontal lobe develops more slowly)

21
Q

Why is it adaptive for adolescents to take risks?

A

-approach pleasure and novelty once they reach sexual maturity so that they will seek out new environments and unrelated mates, which promote diversity in the gene pool

22
Q

What are the rates of teen pregnancy?

A

-adolescent pregnancy rates have declined since 1991
-in 2014, 15-19 year old females had a birth rate of 24.2 per 1000

23
Q

What decreases the risk of adolescent pregnancy?

A

-parent-child closeness
-parental supervision
-parent’s values against teen intercourse

24
Q

What increases the risk of adolescent pregnancy?

A

-residing in disorganized/dangerous neighborhoods
-living in a lower SES family
-living with a single parent
-having older sexually active siblings or pregnant/parenting teenage sisters
-early puberty
-being a victim of sexual abuse

25
Q

What are some negative effects of teen pregnancy?

A

-only 40% of teens with kids before 18 graduate high school
-teen moms are more likely to live in poverty
-child born to a teen mom is 50% more likely to repeat a grade in school and is more likely to perform poorly on standardized tests and drop out of high school

26
Q

What is muscle dysmorphia?

A

-extreme desire to increase one’s muscularity
-similar to women, men have a distorted sense of body image

27
Q

What are the treatments for eating disorders?

A

-treatment plans include medical care, nutritional counseling, medications, and individual, group and/or family psychotherapy
-Maudsley Approach: parents of teens with anorexia are involved in the treatment
-CBT is used for binge-eating and purging behaviours

28
Q

What is the Piagetian stage of adolescence?

A

-Formal Operations (ages 12+)
-able to think about and perform concrete operations abstractly
-can perform operations in their mind, organizing and manipulating different pieces of information

29
Q

What is the concept of transitivity?

A

-a relationship between two elements is carried over to other elements logically related to the first two (understood by teens)
-ex: A < B and B < C, then A < C

30
Q

What are 2 aspects of egocentrism in adolescence?

A

-imaginary audience: belief that those around them are as focused on their appearance as they are
-personal fable: belief that one is unique, special, and invulnerable to harm

31
Q

What are the consequences of formal operational thought?

A

-greater introspection (thinking about their thoughts & feelings)
-become idealistic (high standards of behaviour)
-hypocrisy (pretend to be what they are not)
-pseudostupidity (approaching problems at a level too complex)

32
Q

What are the 2 aspects of formal-operational thought?

A

-inductive reasoning/bottom-up-processing: consider experiences, observations, and ideas to determine probable outcome
-deductive reasoning/top-down-processing: application of general principles to determine guaranteed outcome

33
Q

What are the 2 ways people process information (dual-process model)?

A

-intuitive thought: automatic, unconscious, and fast; more experimental and emotional (easier and commonly used by kids & teens)
-analytic thought: deliberate, conscious, and rational

34
Q

How is the information processing speed?

A

-increased efficiency:
–underlies many advances observed during this period
–facilitates cognitive development

35
Q

How is self-esteem in adolescence?

A

-adolescents think of possible selves; downsides:
–comparisons with other selves
–decline in self-esteem (but typically rises from mid to late adolescence; more confidence in relationships, appearance)

36
Q

What are the effects of decreased self-esteem and contributing factors?

A

-depression and anxiety are on the rise
-smart phones and social media:
–amplifies adolescent egocentrism
–constant audience feedback
–no ability to completely disconnect

37
Q

What is Erikson’s Psychological Stage in adolescence?

A

-Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18 years old)
-when individuals develop a well-defined and positive sense of self

38
Q

What are the 6 components of multiple identities?

A

-religious (family)
-political (family)
-vocational (occupation)
-gender
-sexual
-ethnic

39
Q

What is Marcia’s typology/identity achievement model?

A

-identity diffusion: no options explored, and no commitment to an identity
-identity foreclosure: commitment to identity, but no options explored
-identity moratorium: exploring, and no commitment to identity
-identity achievement: commitment after exploration

40
Q

What are the Positive Identity Exploration Processes?

A
  1. exploration in breadth
  2. exploration in depth
  3. commitment making
  4. identification with commitment
41
Q

What are the Risk Identity Exploration Processes?

A
  1. ruminative exploration
  2. reconsideration of commitment
42
Q

What is conflict between the parent & adolescent like?

A

-increase in early adolescence; drop in late adolescence
-unaffected by gender
-renegotiation of bedtime, screentime, curfews, and clothes

43
Q

What is support between the parent & adolescent like?

A

-decline in early adolescence; stabilize in late adolescence
-inflexible parents may cause adolescent to feel unsupported

44
Q

What is power between the parent & adolescent like?

A

-parental power diminishes
-transformation into egalitarian relationship; shared power
-desire for autonomy

45
Q

What is attachment to parents like in adolescence?

A

-discontinuity in the short-term; continuity of bonds over the long-term
-attachment expressions change (less cuddling and more talking)
-relationships must develop in coordination with child’s own development

46
Q

What is the function of peer groups?

A

-development for socialization and social skills
-reference group for identity formation

47
Q

What are the types of peer groups?

A

-cliques: small; friendship-based
-crowds: large; stereotypes

PSYC 333 (7 decks)

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