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psyc 314 MT2 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

factors related to using and misusing health services

4

A
  • perception
  • interpretation
  • lay referral network
  • going online
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2
Q

Perceiving symptoms

2 ways of perciving symptoms

A

Individual Differences in the extent to which they attend to their state
* Eg: lv awareness, sensitivity
* Doesn’t mean their more accurate (could overestimate symptoms)

Environmental and social factors
* Environmental: other people reporting symptoms
* Psychological: expectations, negative emotions

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3
Q

Interpreting symptoms

2 ways of perciving symptoms

A

Prior Experiences
* Can help or hinder people’s interpretations of symptoms

Common Sense Model of illness
* Illness identity (name, symptoms).
* Causes and underlying pathology.
* Timeline or prognosis.
* Consequences (seriousness, effects, outcome).

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4
Q

lay referral network:

definition & examples

A

Getting advice from others before deciding to seek medical attention
* Symptom interpretation
* Advice about seeking care
* Recommended remedy
* Recommend talking to someone else

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5
Q

Going online

3 influsences of going online

A

The worried well
* People who are unnecessarily anxious about their health in the absence of a related diagnosis.
* Misuse health services

Self diagnose
* Using health related information online

Doctor TV shows:
* ⅓ -½ of the recommendations made were based on good science

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6
Q

sociocultural factors in using health services

4

A
  • gender
  • SES
  • Indigenous experiences
  • stigma
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7
Q

who has more difficulties in acessing health care

A
  • Women
  • LGBTQIA+
  • Immigrants
  • Low income canadians
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8
Q

Misgendering in health services

A
  • Associated with more negative emotions, less identity strength, higher felt trans stigma
  • Affecting mental health of individuals & limit future engagement with health care system
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9
Q

Low SES & immigrants in health services

A

Longer wait times in hospitals

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10
Q

Being indigenous in health services

3 problems

A

Language & culture as key barriers
- Canada’s health care system poorly equipped for addressing and accommodating the unique cultural needs of Indigenous people.
- Practitioners are also poorly educated on the social and economic determinants of Indigenous peoples’ health.

Lacking transportation & childcare services & service in area

Racism, discrimination, stigma

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11
Q

Stigma in health services

A
  • Being diagnosed to a stigmatised disease → interfere with the use of health services
  • Disabilities: Often excluded from healthcare initiatives
  • effects treatment & prevention
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12
Q

Disabilities in health services

A
  • stigma
  • incorrects assumption about health & health care needs
  • excluded from health care initiatives
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13
Q

Health is a Human Right

A
  • the highest attainable standard of health as a fundamental right of every human being.
  • right to control one’s health/body and the right to a health system that offers equal opportunity to attain health
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14
Q

patient-centred communication

definition and what does it give us

A

= Care providers try to see the problem and treatment as the patient does (empathy), and in so doing enlist the patient’s cooperation

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15
Q

role of empathy in provider burnout

2

A

Compassion Fatigue
- Emotional exhaustion due to frequent/difficult patients.

burnout

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16
Q

Burnout

definition & 3 main components involved

A

Condition that results from chronic work strain
1. Emotional Exhaustion
2. Depersonalization
3. Low Sense of Personal Accomplishment

17
Q

adherence/compliance

Definition & Avg adherance rate & what is adherance seen the least in

A
  • the extent to which a patient follows medical advice or instructions
  • Average (overall) rate of adherence is 60%.
  • Low adherence to recommended lifestyle
18
Q

is empathy bad?

A

no. Negative correlation between empathy & burnout

19
Q

what is the right kind of empathy

Name & defintion

A

Clinical empathy:
- Understanding inner experiences & perspectives of the patient as separate individual & communicating this to them

20
Q

How to enhance patient adherence

A

Make it SIMPLE

Simplify regimen.
Impart knowledge.
Modify patient beliefs.
Patient communication.
Leave the bias.
Evaluate adherence.

21
Q

key psychosocial factors in the hospital setting

4

A
  • Being Hospitalized
  • Coping in the Hospital
  • Preparing Patients for Procedures
  • Monitors Vs blunters
22
Q

how can being hospitalized have negative aspects

A
  • Limits privacy
  • Restricting activity
  • High degree of dependency on others
  • Stressful events
23
Q

What are the types of coping in hospital settings

2 & the different types

A

Problem-focused coping:
- When patients believe they can do something about the problem

Emotion-focused coping:
- When patience perceive no control
- Blame Common, Associated with poor adjustment than self-blame
- Helplessness Due to low control. Affecting future perceptions of situations that can be controlled
- Denial, rumination, catastrophizing

24
Q

How could different ways of preparing patients for procedure help

how & different types of control

A

Behavioural control:
* Reduce discomfort/promote recovery during/after the medical procedure
* Actions: special breathing/coughing exercises

Cognitive control:
- Knowing how to focus on benefits of medical procedure rather than unpleasant

Informational control:
- Gaining knowledge about event/sensation/what to expect

25
Q

Monitors vs Blunters

why they imporant to differentiate. who are they? how to keep motivated

A

People vary in how much health-related information they desire.

monitor
- Concerned & worried about issue → seek information
- To motivate: Provide messages that include detailed information about risks & strategies.

bulnters
- Overwhelmed by threatening information → avoid information
- To motivate: Keep messages short, succinct, non-threatening, and in simple terms

26
Q

key factors in patient satisfaction

6

A
  1. Technical quality of treatment/care
  2. Quality of interaction with practitioner
  3. Sense of autonomy and informed consent
  4. Communication
  5. Coordination and communication among care providers.
  6. Support and planning for leaving the hospital
  7. physical space
  8. Food
27
Q

Does patient satisfaction predict good health outcomes

5

A
  1. Reduced hypertension
  2. Fewer complications after surgery
  3. Reduced mortality
  4. Improved patient compliance/adherence
  5. Improved use of health services
28
Q

Varieties of CAM:

A

Manipulative & body-based methods
* chiropractic care, massage therapy, and reflexology

Natural products
- herbal products, vitamin and mineral supplements, and other dietary supplements

Mind-body interventions
- progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, yoga

Homeopathy

Traditional chinese medicine

29
Q

CAM (Complementary and Alternative Medicine

A
  • Alternative medicine = practice that alleged healthing effects but not scientifically based
  • Complementary medicine = alternative medicin used in conjunction with conventional treatment
30
Q

Concerns on CAM

A

search

31
Q

What leads to the use of CAM?

A

search

32
Q

Placebo:

A

= any medical procedure that produces an effect in a patient because of its therapeutic intent and not its specific nature, whether chemical or physical

33
Q

Randomised Clinical Trials (RCTs)

A
  • measure the efficacy of a drug under optimal conditions; typically using a control group
  • placebo effect is especially problematic to RCTs, as it causes confusion about the underlying causes of any observed effects. If a new drug is observed to have an effect, it is unclear how much of that effect is due to the placebo effect, which is assumed to occur with any treatment
34
Q

Factors affecting placebo effect:

A
  • Placebo Characteristics
  • Setting that has the trappings of medical formality will induce stronger placebo effects than will a less formal setting.
  • Providers who exude warmth, confidence, and empathy get stronger placebo effects than do remote and formal providers
  • provider’s faith in the treatment
  • Being told that they ‘could’ have an effect (aka can still have effect even when knowing they’re placebo)
    *
35
Q

Why placebo happens:

A

Effect of time
* People just improve with time
Confirmation bias
* Focusing on improving because they’re looking for improvements
Expectations
* Thinking that taking medicine will work
Pharmacological conditioning
* Associating treatments with improved symptoms
Human connection
* empathy/warmth making us feel better

psyc 314 MT2 (3 decks)

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