Chapter 5 Flashcards
Define health behaviours
Activities that people perform to maintain or improve health (or prevent disease and illness), regardless of health status or whether the activity actually improves health
What are examples of health enhancing behaviours based on epidemiological research cited
3 & define
Well behaviour
- actions to maintaim/improve current good health & avoid illness
Symptom based behaviour
- Activity that ill people take to determin the problem and find remedy
Sick-role behaviour
- activity to treat/adjust to health problem
Examples of well behaviour
3
- healthy diet
- excercising
- vaccination
Examples of symptom based behaviour
2
- seeking advice
- complaining about symptoms
Examples of sick role behaviour
2
- adhearing to medical advice
- staying home
what are examples of health compromising behaviours based on epidemiological research cited
3
- ↑ mortality = ↑carbohydrate & ↓ total fat intake
- ↑ inflammatory bowel disease = ↑ ultra processed food
- ↓ mortality = ↑ fruit, vegetable, legume consumption
health promotion
initiatives (e.g., providing information about how to stay healthy) that are often aimed at primary prevention
primary prevention
definitions & example
= actions taken to avoid disease or injury
exercise, wearing seatbelt, flossing, immunization/vaccination, handwashing, physical distancing, wearing mask (as in pandemic
Conflict theory
When people are faced with health-related decisions, they experience stress due to conflict about what to do.
People deal with this conflict differently depending on their evaluations of risk, hope, and adequate time.
Hypervigilance
- high stress
- risk is high, hope remains
- not enough time
- tends to turn for alternative, Act irrationally
Vigilance
Moderate stress level
perceive serious risks in all possibilities they have considered but believe they may find a better alternative and have time to search
people search carfully & make rational choices
factors in health behaviours
7 main factors
Health Belief Model
- Perceived Threat
- Perceived Benefits and Barriers
Perceived Risk & Optimism
- Cognitive Adaptation Theory
- unrealistic optimism
Theory of Planned Behaviour (intentions)
- Attitude Regarding the Behaviour
- Subjective Norm
- Perceived Behavioural Control
Transtheoretical Model/Stages of Change Model
- precontemplation
- contemplation
- preparation
- action
- maintenance
Less Rational Processes
- Motivated Reasoning
- conflict theory
Emotional Factors
- emotional drivers
Empathy and Disease Threat
Perceived Risk & Optimism
definition & 2 subcategories
the way you percive the risk can affect you psychologically
Cognitive Adaptation Theory
- Inaccurate but optimistic belief → better mental health by allowing you to avoid the stress of the
risk
Unrealistic optimism
- think self as too good and don’t take action to prevent disease
Less rational processes in health behaviour
definition & 2 subcategories
Flawed decisions about health comes from motivational & emotional processes
Emotionally-biassed reasoning
* Decisions based on what’s most desired rather than what’s said in evidence
Conflict Theory
- at times of hypervigilance, when high risk, remaining hope, low time. People become desperate and act irratioanlly
Empathy in Disease Threat
↑ Empathic Responding = ↑ Recommended Precautions
But higher empathic responding doesn’t work when the perceived threat is
high
Reduces: Prejustice, stereotype, interpersonal aggression, racism, discrimination, “othering”
Antisocial Traits
= narcissitic, socially disruptive, violating the rights of others
Low empathy, high callousness, deceitfulness, risk taking → lower compliance with containment
measures (social distancing, mask-wearing, handwashing.)
health belief model
definitions where is it most supported in & factors
= the lieklihood that person will preform some health behaviour
various health behaviours (e.g., dental visits vaccinations, exercise programs).
Preformace of some health behaviour is dependent on the outcomes of 2 assesments:
1. threat associated with a health problem
2. Percived benefits & barriers
theory of planned behaviour
definition where is it useful in & what its influenced by
Health behaviours as the direct result of behavioural intentions.
(various health behaviours (e.g., exercising, smoking, cancer screening, losing weight, donating blood)
Intentions are influenced by:
1. Attitude Regarding the Behaviour:
2. Subjective Norm:
3. Perceived Behavioural Control:
transtheoretical (stages of change) model
definition, where is it useful in & the stages of change and its actions
= model with the recognition that its not possible to change all at once. Useful in clinical settings
Precontemplation
* Not considering changing, no intention
Contemplation
* a. Aware of need to change, contemplating change
Preparation
* Ready to change, plan to implement change soon
Action
* a. Start of successfully making changes to behaviour
Maintenance
* Work to maintain new behaviour, avoiding relapse
health belief model applied to example
(1) threat associated with a health problem
- Seriousness, vulnerability, cues to action/reminder
- “I haven’t had a flu shot, which puts me at risk of getting sick from the flu.”
(2) Perceived Benefits and Barriers
- Pros and cons
- flu shot is effective and that its not harmful
theory of planned behaviour applied to example
Attitude Regarding the Behaviour:
* Judgement of whether the behaviour is good or bad
* believing that HPV is severe and the vaccine is safe’*
Subjective Norm:
- Appropriateness or acceptability of behaviour (based on beliefs about others’ opinions, social norms).
- Can be influenced by the media/celebrities
- ‘Everyone, parents and friends thinks that you should get the HPV vaccine’
Perceived Behavioural Control:
- Expectation of success.
- ‘Think that the vaccine is effective’
transtheoretical (stages of change) model applied to example
Precontemplation
- No intention of starting or finishing vaccine series.
Contemplation
- Planned to start vaccine series in next 6 months.
Preparation
- Planned to get first vaccine within 30 days or complete vaccine series in next 6 months.
Action/Maintenance
- Reported finishing the 3-month vaccine series.
Vaccine hesitancy
What is it due to & predictive factors
Due to false research, media influence on subjective norms
Predictive factors
- Narcissism
- Mistrust
- Perceived danger
- Conspiratorial thinking
- Individualism
- Reactance
How to prevent vaccine hesitancy
Information on disease threat, rather than information debunking vaccination myths, works best to change attitudes about vaccines
Dunning-Kruger Effect:
definition & whats its asociated with
= cognitive bias whereby people with limited knowledge in a given intellectual domain greatly overestimate their own knowledge or competence in that domain
Overconfidence associated with:
- anti-vaccine attitudes, highest among those with low levels of knowledge related to vaccines & disease
- increased support of non-expert views
Backfire Effect:
definition & example
= cognitive bias that causes people who encounter evidence that challenges their beliefs to reject that evidence and strengthen their support of their original stance.
- Eg: people concerned about side effects of the flu shot were given information about how it couldn’t cause the flu, they actually became less willing to get it*
