Chapter 5

Question 1

Define health behaviours

Answer 1

Activities that people perform to maintain or improve health (or prevent disease and illness), regardless of health status or whether the activity actually improves health

Question 2

What are examples of health enhancing behaviours based on epidemiological research cited

3 & define

Answer 2

Well behaviour
- actions to maintaim/improve current good health & avoid illness

Symptom based behaviour
- Activity that ill people take to determin the problem and find remedy

Sick-role behaviour
- activity to treat/adjust to health problem

Question 3

Examples of well behaviour

3

Answer 3

• healthy diet
• excercising
• vaccination

Question 4

Examples of symptom based behaviour

2

Answer 4

• seeking advice
• complaining about symptoms

Question 5

Examples of sick role behaviour

2

Answer 5

• adhearing to medical advice
• staying home

Question 6

what are examples of health compromising behaviours based on epidemiological research cited

3

Answer 6

• ↑ mortality = ↑carbohydrate & ↓ total fat intake
• ↑ inflammatory bowel disease = ↑ ultra processed food
• ↓ mortality = ↑ fruit, vegetable, legume consumption

Question 7

health promotion

Answer 7

initiatives (e.g., providing information about how to stay healthy) that are often aimed at primary prevention

Question 8

primary prevention

definitions & example

Answer 8

= actions taken to avoid disease or injury

exercise, wearing seatbelt, flossing, immunization/vaccination, handwashing, physical distancing, wearing mask (as in pandemic

Question 9

Conflict theory

Answer 9

When people are faced with health-related decisions, they experience stress due to conflict about what to do.

People deal with this conflict differently depending on their evaluations of risk, hope, and adequate time.

Question 10

Hypervigilance

Answer 10

• high stress
• risk is high, hope remains
• not enough time
• tends to turn for alternative, Act irrationally

Question 11

Vigilance

Answer 11

Moderate stress level

perceive serious risks in all possibilities they have considered but believe they may find a better alternative and have time to search

people search carfully & make rational choices

Question 12

factors in health behaviours

7 main factors

Answer 12

Health Belief Model
- Perceived Threat
- Perceived Benefits and Barriers

Perceived Risk & Optimism
- Cognitive Adaptation Theory
- unrealistic optimism

Theory of Planned Behaviour (intentions)
- Attitude Regarding the Behaviour
- Subjective Norm
- Perceived Behavioural Control

Transtheoretical Model/Stages of Change Model
- precontemplation
- contemplation
- preparation
- action
- maintenance

Less Rational Processes
- Motivated Reasoning
- conflict theory

Emotional Factors
- emotional drivers

Empathy and Disease Threat

Question 13

Perceived Risk & Optimism

definition & 2 subcategories

Answer 13

the way you percive the risk can affect you psychologically

Cognitive Adaptation Theory
- Inaccurate but optimistic belief → better mental health by allowing you to avoid the stress of the
risk

Unrealistic optimism
- think self as too good and don’t take action to prevent disease

Question 14

Less rational processes in health behaviour

definition & 2 subcategories

Answer 14

Flawed decisions about health comes from motivational & emotional processes

Emotionally-biassed reasoning
* Decisions based on what’s most desired rather than what’s said in evidence

Conflict Theory
- at times of hypervigilance, when high risk, remaining hope, low time. People become desperate and act irratioanlly

Question 15

Empathy in Disease Threat

Answer 15

↑ Empathic Responding = ↑ Recommended Precautions

But higher empathic responding doesn’t work when the perceived threat is
high

Reduces: Prejustice, stereotype, interpersonal aggression, racism, discrimination, “othering”

Question 16

Antisocial Traits

Answer 16

= narcissitic, socially disruptive, violating the rights of others

Low empathy, high callousness, deceitfulness, risk taking → lower compliance with containment
measures (social distancing, mask-wearing, handwashing.)

Question 17

health belief model

definitions where is it most supported in & factors

Answer 17

= the lieklihood that person will preform some health behaviour

various health behaviours (e.g., dental visits vaccinations, exercise programs).

Preformace of some health behaviour is dependent on the outcomes of 2 assesments:
1. threat associated with a health problem
2. Percived benefits & barriers

Question 18

theory of planned behaviour

definition where is it useful in & what its influenced by

Answer 18

Health behaviours as the direct result of behavioural intentions.

(various health behaviours (e.g., exercising, smoking, cancer screening, losing weight, donating blood)

Intentions are influenced by:
1. Attitude Regarding the Behaviour:
2. Subjective Norm:
3. Perceived Behavioural Control:

Question 19

transtheoretical (stages of change) model

definition, where is it useful in & the stages of change and its actions

Answer 19

= model with the recognition that its not possible to change all at once. Useful in clinical settings

Precontemplation
* Not considering changing, no intention

Contemplation
* a. Aware of need to change, contemplating change

Preparation
* Ready to change, plan to implement change soon

Action
* a. Start of successfully making changes to behaviour

Maintenance
* Work to maintain new behaviour, avoiding relapse

Question 20

health belief model applied to example

Answer 20

(1) threat associated with a health problem
- Seriousness, vulnerability, cues to action/reminder
- “I haven’t had a flu shot, which puts me at risk of getting sick from the flu.”

(2) Perceived Benefits and Barriers
- Pros and cons
- flu shot is effective and that its not harmful

Question 21

theory of planned behaviour applied to example

Answer 21

Attitude Regarding the Behaviour:
* Judgement of whether the behaviour is good or bad
* believing that HPV is severe and the vaccine is safe’*

Subjective Norm:
- Appropriateness or acceptability of behaviour (based on beliefs about others’ opinions, social norms).
- Can be influenced by the media/celebrities
- ‘Everyone, parents and friends thinks that you should get the HPV vaccine’

Perceived Behavioural Control:
- Expectation of success.
- ‘Think that the vaccine is effective’

Question 22

transtheoretical (stages of change) model applied to example

Answer 22

Precontemplation
- No intention of starting or finishing vaccine series.

Contemplation
- Planned to start vaccine series in next 6 months.

Preparation
- Planned to get first vaccine within 30 days or complete vaccine series in next 6 months.

Action/Maintenance
- Reported finishing the 3-month vaccine series.

Question 23

Vaccine hesitancy

What is it due to & predictive factors

Answer 23

Due to false research, media influence on subjective norms

Predictive factors
- Narcissism
- Mistrust
- Perceived danger
- Conspiratorial thinking
- Individualism
- Reactance

Question 24

How to prevent vaccine hesitancy

Answer 24

Information on disease threat, rather than information debunking vaccination myths, works best to change attitudes about vaccines

Question 25

Dunning-Kruger Effect:

definition & whats its asociated with

Answer 25

= cognitive bias whereby people with limited knowledge in a given intellectual domain greatly overestimate their own knowledge or competence in that domain

Overconfidence associated with:
- anti-vaccine attitudes, highest among those with low levels of knowledge related to vaccines & disease
- increased support of non-expert views

Question 26

Backfire Effect:

definition & example

Answer 26

= cognitive bias that causes people who encounter evidence that challenges their beliefs to reject that evidence and strengthen their support of their original stance.

• Eg: people concerned about side effects of the flu shot were given information about how it couldn’t cause the flu, they actually became less willing to get it*