Chapter 7 Flashcards
Axial system has how many bones
80
What makes up the axial skeletal system
Head, trunk, face, ears and vertebral system
Appendicular system consists of how many bones
120
What makes up the appendicular skeletal system
Upper and lower limbs, girdles that connect the limbs to the axial system
Sutural bone shape and location
Small, located between cranial bones such as joints
Long bones shape, function, structure and locations they are often found
Shape: length is greater than width, had a shaft with ends
Function: absorb stress of weight and distributes it
Structure: mostly compact bone tissue to the shaft with spongy bony tissue in the middle and on the ends
Location: femur, tibia/fibula, radius/ulna, humerus, and phalanges
Short bone shape, structure, and location
Shape: cube line, length and width are almost equal
Structure: thin surface layer of compact bone tissue around mainly spongy bone tissue
Location: carpal and tarsal bones
Flat bone shape, function, structure, and location
Shape: thin, almost parallel
Function: protection and muscle attachment
Structure: parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue
Location: cranial bones, sternum, ribs, and scapulae
Irregular bone shape, structure, and location
Shape: complex, vary in size and shape
Structure: vary in amounts of compact and spongy bone tissue
Location: vertebrae, hip bones, facial bones, calcaneous
Sesamoid bone shape, function, location
Shape: vary in size
Function: protection from wear and tear
Location: patella
What are surface markings
Structural features adapted for specific function
Caused by tension on a bone surface; new bone gets deposited resulting in raised/roughened areas
What are the 2 types of surface markings and their functions
1: depressions and openings (allow passage of soft tissues (like vessels, ligaments and tendons) and form joints)
2: processes (projections and outgrowths that form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissues)
What are the different types of depressions and openings
Fissure, foramen, fossa, sulcus and meatus
What are the types of processes that form joints
Condyle, facet, head
What are the different types of processes that form attachments for connective tissues
Crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
A fissure is a slot between bones for:
Blood vessels and nerves to pass through
A foramen is an opening for:
Blood vessels, nerves or ligaments to pass
A fossa is a:
Shallow depression
A sulcus accommodates:
Blood vessels, nerves or tendons to pass through
Meatus is a _______ opening
Tubelike
A condyle forms a joint at the ____ of a ____ by a large, round protuberance with smooth articulating surface
End
Bone
A facet is a ______________ and slightly _______ or ______ articular surface
Smooth, flat
concave or convex
The head that forms a joint is rounded and supported on the:
Neck of a bone
Difference between the process projects that form connective tissue attachment points (crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, and tuberosity)
Crest: elongated
Epicondyle: roughened
Line: long narrow ridge/border
Spinous process: sharp, slender
Trochanter: very large
Tubercle: rounded
Tuberosity: rough, and bumpy surface
Features of the skull
-Forms the cranial cavity
-Has surface markings for blood vessels and nerves
-Protects the brain
- stabilizes positions by attachments of inner surface membranes (meninges) and the outer surface attaches muscles
- facial bones form structure and support entrances (airway, GI tract)
- attached by joints called sutures
How many cranial bones are there
8
Frontal bone
Forehead
Parietal bone
One on each side of the head joining at the top of head/crown
Temporal bone
One in each side of the head by the ears
Occipital bones
Back of the head
Sphenoid bone
Base of the skull, holds the cranial floor together
Ethmoid bone
Top of cranial floor behind the eyes
How many facial bones are there
14
Nasal bone
2 that form the bridge of the nose
Maxillae bones
2 that form the orbital floor, nasal wall and hard palate
Zygomatic bones
2 that Form each of the cheek bones
Mandible bone
One that forms the jaw
Lacrimal bone
2 that form the inner wall of orbits
Palatine bone
2 that form the back of the hard palate
Inferior nasal conchae
2 that form the lower, outer wall of the nose
Vomer bone
1 that forms the nasal septum
Frontal bones forms the:
Forehead which is the front of the cranium, also forms the orbital roof and front of cranial floor
Coronal suture is a ________ that is found at the ______?
Joint
Top of the skull between the frontal and parietal bone (crown)
Difference between the supraorbital foramen and margin
Foramen: a hole located above and medial to the eyebrow
Margin: forms the orbital roof
Parietal bone has many internal surfaces with depression and protrusions for blood vessels to supply the ___________
Dura matter
Squamous suture is a _______ found:
Joint
Between the parietal and temporal bones
Sagittal suture is a ______ found:
Joint
At the crown between both parietal bones
The temporal bone forms the:
Lateral cranial and a part of the cranial floor
The temporal bone articulates with the cheekbone by the
Zygomatic process
The temporal bone articulated with the mandibular fossa by the _________ forming ______
Articular tubercle
Temporal mandibular joint
The temporal bone consists of the mastoid portion which is located:
Behind and below the earlobe
The function of the mastoid air cells
Communicate with the middle ear
Function and location of the external auditory meatus
Ear canal
Sends sound waves into the ear
Function of the internal auditory meatus
An opening that allows for the facial and vestibularcochlear nerve to pass through
The mastoid process is a projection that allows for attachments of:
Neck muscles
Styloid process is a projection that allows for attachments of:
Tongue and neck muscles
The stylomastoid foramen allows for:
Facial nerve and stylomastoid artery to pass through
The carotid and jugular foramen are contained in the
Petrous portion, located at the floor of the cranial cavity of the temporal bone.
Internal and middle ear structures are housed in the
Petrous portion
The occipital bone is located at?
Back and base of the cranium
The foramen magnum is found in the ________ skull bone and the ________ ______ connecting it to the spine
Occipital
Medulla oblangata
The Atlanto-occipital joint articulates the _____ and the __________ bone allowing for what movement
Cervical 1 and occipital
The head for nod “yes”
The projecting bump found behind the head to the nape of the neck is called the:
External occipital protuberance
The ligamentum nuchae is made up of a _________ and ________ ligament to the cervical 7 vertebra helping to:
Fibrous, elastic
Support the head
What skull bone is the keystone for the cranial floor
Sphenoid bone
How does the sphenoid connect with the ethmoid, temporal and occipital bone
Ethmoid: at the front (superior)
Temporal: at the sides (laterally)
Occipital: at the back (posteriorly)
The sphenoid bone forms:
Posterior and superior part of the nasal cavity, and the orbital wall (floor and posterior)
The butterfly shape of the sphenoid bone is made up of:
A body, greater wings, lesser wings
The sphenoid sinus function
Drain products into the nasal cavity
The shape and location of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Saddle shape
On the top of the body of the sphenoid bone
The hypophyseal fossa is where what gland is located
Pituitary gland
The greater wings of the sphenoid bone are at the ________ of the cranial floor
Front and side edge
The lesser wings of the sphenoid bone forms the cranial ______ and ______ of the orbits
Floor and back
Function of the optic foramen of the sphenoid bone. How does it differ from the superior orbital fissure?
Allow for the optic nerve and artery to pass into the orbit
Allow blood vessels and nerves to pass
Function of the pterygoid process
Form the nasal cavity and mandible muscles attach
The ethmoid bone is located:
Anterior part of cranial floor
Posterior to nasal bones
And medial to the orbits
The cribiform plate is a part of the:
Cranial floor and roof of the nasal cavity
The olfactory foraminifera is where the:
Olfactory nerve passes through allowing for sense of smell
The Crista Gali is the:
Point of attachment that separates the 2 sides of the brain
Perpendicular plate forms:
Upper nasal septum
The ethmoid sinus is where ethmoid cells:
Form together
The functions between the middle nasal concha, inferior nasal concha, and superior nasal concha
middle nasal concha: Increases in vascular mucous membrane surface area which warns and moistens inhaled air and cleanses it before it enters the respiratory passageways
Inferior nasal concha: increase surface area of nasal cavity, filter the air and help with smell
superior nasal concha: Sensory receptors for smell terminate
8 facial bones
Nasal
Lacrimal
Palatine
Inferior nasal conchae
Vomer
Maxillae
Zygomatic
Mandible
Nasal bone consists of ______forms the nasal ______. The function of the nasal bone is:
Cartilage
Bridge
Protect the upper entry of nasal cavity and provide attachments for facial muscles
Lacrimal bones are a part of:
Inner orbital wall and outer nasal bone
Function of lacrimal fossa
House the lacrimal sac that gathers tears that pass into the nasal cavity
Palatine bone is located:
Back of the hard palate and the floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity and orbital floor
Inferior nasal conchae forms the:
Inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity
The vomer forms
Lower nasal septum and divides the nasal cavity into a right and left side
Maxillae forms the
Upper jawbone and articulates all the face bones
Also forms part of the orbital floor and the lateral wall and floor of the nasal cavity and hard palate
The hard palate separates the
Nasal cavity and oral cavity
The zygomatic bone forms the:
Cheekbones, and lateral wall and floor of the orbits
Articulates with the frontal bone, maxilla, sphenoid bone and temporal bone
The mandible is the
Lower jawbone
Coronoid process is a part of the mandible that allows for:
Temporalis muscle attachments
The condylar process articulates with the ___________ and _________ of the temporal bone to form
Mandibular fossa
Articular tubercle
Temporal mandibular joint
Skull feature of sutures
Immovable joint that holds bones together
Coronal suture holds which 2 skull bones together
Frontal and parietal
The Sagittal suture holds together which skull bones
The 2 parietal bones
The lamboid suture holds together which skull bones
The 2 parietal bones to the occipital bone
The squamous suture holds together which 2 skull bones
Parietal and temporal
The paranasal sinuses features:
- A cavity lined with mucous membranes
- increases surface area and mucous production
- echo chamber that intensifies sound and quality of voice
A fontanels becomes:
The Sagittal suture as the skull of an embryo ossified
Fontanels are made of
Cartilage and mesenchyme plates in an embryo brain allowing for flexibility during birth
The hyoid bone is located
Between the mandible and larynx suspended by ligaments which no articulation to any other bone
The function of the hyoid bone
Support the ti fur and provide attachment sites for tongue muscles of the neck and pharynx
The vertebral column consists of
Bone, spinal cord, nervous and connective tissue
Function of the vertebrae column
Supports the head, attachment point for ribs, pelvic girdle, muscles of back and arms
How many vertebrae bones in the body
26
What is the point of spinal curves
Increase strength, maintain balance, absorb shock and protect the vertebrae
Cervical and lumbar curves are
Convex and secondary
Thoracic and sacral curves are
Concave and primary
The vertebral column consists of:
Intervertebral discs, a vertebral body and a vertebral arch, pedicles and processes
Intervertebral discs are found between
Cervical #2 and the sacrum
Intervertebral discs are made up of
A fibrous ring of fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage at the surface
Intervertebral disc function
Form a strong joint, permit movement and absorb shock, they flatten and broaden with movement
The vertebral body function
Weight bear, attachment sites for intervertebral discs, contain nutrient foramina to deliver oxygen and remove wastes from bones
Vertebral arch forms a:
Vertebral canal that extends from the vertebral body and surrounds the spinal cord
The vertebral arch contains
Spinal cord, adipose tissue, areolar connective tissue and blood vessels
Pedicles are ________ called vertebral notches that permit:
Indentations
Passage of spinal nerve that send information to and from the spinal cord
Point of spinal processes
Muscle attachment, form joints between vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae:
How many?
Size?
Located?
7
Smallest with large arches
At the neck
Difference between vertebral foramen and transverse foramen if the cervical spine
Vertebral: house the spinal cord
Transverse: house arteries, veins and nerve fibers
C1 is called the _______.
Structure?
Atlas
Body or muscle attachment(spinous process)
C1 two main articulations
1: articulate with the occipital condyle forming Atlanto-occipital joint)
2 articulate with c2 (inferior articular facet)
Atlanto-occipital joint permits:
“Yes” movement of the head
C2 is known as the _____.
Structure?
Axis
Had a vertebral body and a “dens” which is a projection called odontoid process
The odontoid process allows for:
“No” movement of the head
Atlanti-axial joint articulates
C1 arch and c2 is odontoid process
Vertebral prominens is found:
At C7, A large non bifid spinous process felt at the base of the neck
Thoracic vertebrae:
How many?
Located?
12
Ribs
T1-T10 shape, and how does it differ from T11-T12
T1-T10: Long, flat, direct downwards
T11-T12: short, Broad and direct backward
Thoracic vertebrae articulate with the rib ____
Heads
The 2 articular surfaces of the vertebral bodies are:
Facet: rib head articulates with 1 vertebral body
Demifacet: rib head articulates with 2 vertebral bodies
T1 articulates with rib(s)
T1 (superior facet) and T2 (inferior facet)
T2-T8 articulate with rib(s)
Superiorly and inferior demifacet with ribs 2-9
T10-T12 articulate with rib(s)
Facet: 10-12
Vertebrocostal joint is the articulation between
Ribs and thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae:
How many?
Size?
Location?
Function?
5
Largest
Lower back
Allow for muscle attachment
Sacral vertebrae:
How many?
Location?
5 that fuse together in adulthood
Pelvic cavity between the hip bones
The female sacrum is _____, _____ and _____
Short, wide and curved
The sacral Ala is a fused transverse process of __
Sacral 1
Anterior and posterior sacral foramina allow passage of:
Nerves and blood vessels
The superior part of the sacrum is called _____ and the inferior part of the sacrum is called _____
Base
Apex
The sacrum articulates with the ileum of the hip bone by the:
Sacroiliac joint
The superior articular process at the base of S1 articulates with the inferior articular process of L5 by the:
Lumbosacral joint
Coccygeal vertebrae:
How many?
4 that fuse together in early adulthood
Difference between the direction that coccygeal vertebrae direct in females and males
Females: point inferiorly
Males: point anteriorly
Coccygeal vertebrae articulate with the sacrums:
Apex
The thorax is a part of the
Chest
The thoracic cage consists of:
Sternum bones, ribs, costal cartilage, and thoracic vertebrae
Function of the thorax
Protect organs, provide support, plays a role in breathing
The sternum is the
Breastbone
Parts of the sternum are:
Manubrium, Body, and xiphoid process
The depression on the superior surface of the manubrium is the
Suprasternal notch
The clavicle articulates to the ______________ to form the __________ joint
Clavicular notch
Sternoclavicular
The manubrium articulated with the costal cartilages of ribs #
1&2
The body of the sternum articulates with the costal cartilages of ribs #
2-10
The xiphoid process of the sternum is made of _______ cartilage till middle adulthood
Hyaline
The function of the xiphoid process of the sternum
Abdominal muscle attachments
How many ribs in the body
12 pairs
True Ribs:
Ribs 1-7
Attach DIRECTLY to the sternum by hyaline/costal cartilage
Vertebrosternal
False ribs:
Ribs 8-12
Attach INDIRECTLY or NOT AT ALL to the sternum
Vertebrochondral
Floating ribs:
Number 11 & 12 as they only attach to the thoracic vertebra, and NOT AT ALL to the sternum
