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Bio 235 Midterm 1 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Axial system has how many bones

A

80

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2
Q

What makes up the axial skeletal system

A

Head, trunk, face, ears and vertebral system

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3
Q

Appendicular system consists of how many bones

A

120

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4
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeletal system

A

Upper and lower limbs, girdles that connect the limbs to the axial system

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5
Q

Sutural bone shape and location

A

Small, located between cranial bones such as joints

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6
Q

Long bones shape, function, structure and locations they are often found

A

Shape: length is greater than width, had a shaft with ends
Function: absorb stress of weight and distributes it
Structure: mostly compact bone tissue to the shaft with spongy bony tissue in the middle and on the ends
Location: femur, tibia/fibula, radius/ulna, humerus, and phalanges

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7
Q

Short bone shape, structure, and location

A

Shape: cube line, length and width are almost equal
Structure: thin surface layer of compact bone tissue around mainly spongy bone tissue
Location: carpal and tarsal bones

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8
Q

Flat bone shape, function, structure, and location

A

Shape: thin, almost parallel
Function: protection and muscle attachment
Structure: parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue
Location: cranial bones, sternum, ribs, and scapulae

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9
Q

Irregular bone shape, structure, and location

A

Shape: complex, vary in size and shape
Structure: vary in amounts of compact and spongy bone tissue
Location: vertebrae, hip bones, facial bones, calcaneous

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10
Q

Sesamoid bone shape, function, location

A

Shape: vary in size
Function: protection from wear and tear
Location: patella

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11
Q

What are surface markings

A

Structural features adapted for specific function
Caused by tension on a bone surface; new bone gets deposited resulting in raised/roughened areas

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of surface markings and their functions

A

1: depressions and openings (allow passage of soft tissues (like vessels, ligaments and tendons) and form joints)
2: processes (projections and outgrowths that form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissues)

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13
Q

What are the different types of depressions and openings

A

Fissure, foramen, fossa, sulcus and meatus

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14
Q

What are the types of processes that form joints

A

Condyle, facet, head

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15
Q

What are the different types of processes that form attachments for connective tissues

A

Crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

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16
Q

A fissure is a slot between bones for:

A

Blood vessels and nerves to pass through

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17
Q

A foramen is an opening for:

A

Blood vessels, nerves or ligaments to pass

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18
Q

A fossa is a:

A

Shallow depression

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19
Q

A sulcus accommodates:

A

Blood vessels, nerves or tendons to pass through

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20
Q

Meatus is a _______ opening

A

Tubelike

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21
Q

A condyle forms a joint at the ____ of a ____ by a large, round protuberance with smooth articulating surface

A

End
Bone

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22
Q

A facet is a ______________ and slightly _______ or ______ articular surface

A

Smooth, flat
concave or convex

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23
Q

The head that forms a joint is rounded and supported on the:

A

Neck of a bone

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24
Q

Difference between the process projects that form connective tissue attachment points (crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, and tuberosity)

A

Crest: elongated
Epicondyle: roughened
Line: long narrow ridge/border
Spinous process: sharp, slender
Trochanter: very large
Tubercle: rounded
Tuberosity: rough, and bumpy surface

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25
Q

Features of the skull

A

-Forms the cranial cavity
-Has surface markings for blood vessels and nerves
-Protects the brain
- stabilizes positions by attachments of inner surface membranes (meninges) and the outer surface attaches muscles
- facial bones form structure and support entrances (airway, GI tract)
- attached by joints called sutures

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26
Q

How many cranial bones are there

A

8

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27
Q

Frontal bone

A

Forehead

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28
Q

Parietal bone

A

One on each side of the head joining at the top of head/crown

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29
Q

Temporal bone

A

One in each side of the head by the ears

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30
Q

Occipital bones

A

Back of the head

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31
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Base of the skull, holds the cranial floor together

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32
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

Top of cranial floor behind the eyes

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33
Q

How many facial bones are there

A

14

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34
Q

Nasal bone

A

2 that form the bridge of the nose

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35
Q

Maxillae bones

A

2 that form the orbital floor, nasal wall and hard palate

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36
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

2 that Form each of the cheek bones

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37
Q

Mandible bone

A

One that forms the jaw

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38
Q

Lacrimal bone

A

2 that form the inner wall of orbits

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39
Q

Palatine bone

A

2 that form the back of the hard palate

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40
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A

2 that form the lower, outer wall of the nose

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41
Q

Vomer bone

A

1 that forms the nasal septum

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42
Q

Frontal bones forms the:

A

Forehead which is the front of the cranium, also forms the orbital roof and front of cranial floor

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43
Q

Coronal suture is a ________ that is found at the ______?

A

Joint
Top of the skull between the frontal and parietal bone (crown)

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44
Q

Difference between the supraorbital foramen and margin

A

Foramen: a hole located above and medial to the eyebrow
Margin: forms the orbital roof

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45
Q

Parietal bone has many internal surfaces with depression and protrusions for blood vessels to supply the ___________

A

Dura matter

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46
Q

Squamous suture is a _______ found:

A

Joint
Between the parietal and temporal bones

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47
Q

Sagittal suture is a ______ found:

A

Joint
At the crown between both parietal bones

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48
Q

The temporal bone forms the:

A

Lateral cranial and a part of the cranial floor

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49
Q

The temporal bone articulates with the cheekbone by the

A

Zygomatic process

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50
Q

The temporal bone articulated with the mandibular fossa by the _________ forming ______

A

Articular tubercle
Temporal mandibular joint

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51
Q

The temporal bone consists of the mastoid portion which is located:

A

Behind and below the earlobe

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52
Q

The function of the mastoid air cells

A

Communicate with the middle ear

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53
Q

Function and location of the external auditory meatus

A

Ear canal
Sends sound waves into the ear

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54
Q

Function of the internal auditory meatus

A

An opening that allows for the facial and vestibularcochlear nerve to pass through

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55
Q

The mastoid process is a projection that allows for attachments of:

A

Neck muscles

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56
Q

Styloid process is a projection that allows for attachments of:

A

Tongue and neck muscles

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57
Q

The stylomastoid foramen allows for:

A

Facial nerve and stylomastoid artery to pass through

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58
Q

The carotid and jugular foramen are contained in the

A

Petrous portion, located at the floor of the cranial cavity of the temporal bone.

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59
Q

Internal and middle ear structures are housed in the

A

Petrous portion

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60
Q

The occipital bone is located at?

A

Back and base of the cranium

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61
Q

The foramen magnum is found in the ________ skull bone and the ________ ______ connecting it to the spine

A

Occipital
Medulla oblangata

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62
Q

The Atlanto-occipital joint articulates the _____ and the __________ bone allowing for what movement

A

Cervical 1 and occipital
The head for nod “yes”

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63
Q

The projecting bump found behind the head to the nape of the neck is called the:

A

External occipital protuberance

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64
Q

The ligamentum nuchae is made up of a _________ and ________ ligament to the cervical 7 vertebra helping to:

A

Fibrous, elastic
Support the head

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65
Q

What skull bone is the keystone for the cranial floor

A

Sphenoid bone

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66
Q

How does the sphenoid connect with the ethmoid, temporal and occipital bone

A

Ethmoid: at the front (superior)
Temporal: at the sides (laterally)
Occipital: at the back (posteriorly)

67
Q

The sphenoid bone forms:

A

Posterior and superior part of the nasal cavity, and the orbital wall (floor and posterior)

68
Q

The butterfly shape of the sphenoid bone is made up of:

A

A body, greater wings, lesser wings

69
Q

The sphenoid sinus function

A

Drain products into the nasal cavity

70
Q

The shape and location of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

A

Saddle shape
On the top of the body of the sphenoid bone

71
Q

The hypophyseal fossa is where what gland is located

A

Pituitary gland

72
Q

The greater wings of the sphenoid bone are at the ________ of the cranial floor

A

Front and side edge

73
Q

The lesser wings of the sphenoid bone forms the cranial ______ and ______ of the orbits

A

Floor and back

74
Q

Function of the optic foramen of the sphenoid bone. How does it differ from the superior orbital fissure?

A

Allow for the optic nerve and artery to pass into the orbit

Allow blood vessels and nerves to pass

75
Q

Function of the pterygoid process

A

Form the nasal cavity and mandible muscles attach

76
Q

The ethmoid bone is located:

A

Anterior part of cranial floor
Posterior to nasal bones
And medial to the orbits

77
Q

The cribiform plate is a part of the:

A

Cranial floor and roof of the nasal cavity

78
Q

The olfactory foraminifera is where the:

A

Olfactory nerve passes through allowing for sense of smell

79
Q

The Crista Gali is the:

A

Point of attachment that separates the 2 sides of the brain

80
Q

Perpendicular plate forms:

A

Upper nasal septum

81
Q

The ethmoid sinus is where ethmoid cells:

A

Form together

82
Q

The functions between the middle nasal concha, inferior nasal concha, and superior nasal concha

A

middle nasal concha: Increases in vascular mucous membrane surface area which warns and moistens inhaled air and cleanses it before it enters the respiratory passageways
Inferior nasal concha: increase surface area of nasal cavity, filter the air and help with smell
superior nasal concha: Sensory receptors for smell terminate

83
Q

8 facial bones

A

Nasal
Lacrimal
Palatine
Inferior nasal conchae
Vomer
Maxillae
Zygomatic
Mandible

84
Q

Nasal bone consists of ______forms the nasal ______. The function of the nasal bone is:

A

Cartilage
Bridge
Protect the upper entry of nasal cavity and provide attachments for facial muscles

85
Q

Lacrimal bones are a part of:

A

Inner orbital wall and outer nasal bone

86
Q

Function of lacrimal fossa

A

House the lacrimal sac that gathers tears that pass into the nasal cavity

87
Q

Palatine bone is located:

A

Back of the hard palate and the floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity and orbital floor

88
Q

Inferior nasal conchae forms the:

A

Inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity

89
Q

The vomer forms

A

Lower nasal septum and divides the nasal cavity into a right and left side

90
Q

Maxillae forms the

A

Upper jawbone and articulates all the face bones
Also forms part of the orbital floor and the lateral wall and floor of the nasal cavity and hard palate

91
Q

The hard palate separates the

A

Nasal cavity and oral cavity

92
Q

The zygomatic bone forms the:

A

Cheekbones, and lateral wall and floor of the orbits
Articulates with the frontal bone, maxilla, sphenoid bone and temporal bone

93
Q

The mandible is the

A

Lower jawbone

94
Q

Coronoid process is a part of the mandible that allows for:

A

Temporalis muscle attachments

95
Q

The condylar process articulates with the ___________ and _________ of the temporal bone to form

A

Mandibular fossa
Articular tubercle
Temporal mandibular joint

96
Q

Skull feature of sutures

A

Immovable joint that holds bones together

97
Q

Coronal suture holds which 2 skull bones together

A

Frontal and parietal

98
Q

The Sagittal suture holds together which skull bones

A

The 2 parietal bones

99
Q

The lamboid suture holds together which skull bones

A

The 2 parietal bones to the occipital bone

100
Q

The squamous suture holds together which 2 skull bones

A

Parietal and temporal

101
Q

The paranasal sinuses features:

A
  • A cavity lined with mucous membranes
  • increases surface area and mucous production
  • echo chamber that intensifies sound and quality of voice
102
Q

A fontanels becomes:

A

The Sagittal suture as the skull of an embryo ossified

103
Q

Fontanels are made of

A

Cartilage and mesenchyme plates in an embryo brain allowing for flexibility during birth

104
Q

The hyoid bone is located

A

Between the mandible and larynx suspended by ligaments which no articulation to any other bone

105
Q

The function of the hyoid bone

A

Support the ti fur and provide attachment sites for tongue muscles of the neck and pharynx

106
Q

The vertebral column consists of

A

Bone, spinal cord, nervous and connective tissue

107
Q

Function of the vertebrae column

A

Supports the head, attachment point for ribs, pelvic girdle, muscles of back and arms

108
Q

How many vertebrae bones in the body

A

26

109
Q

What is the point of spinal curves

A

Increase strength, maintain balance, absorb shock and protect the vertebrae

110
Q

Cervical and lumbar curves are

A

Convex and secondary

111
Q

Thoracic and sacral curves are

A

Concave and primary

112
Q

The vertebral column consists of:

A

Intervertebral discs, a vertebral body and a vertebral arch, pedicles and processes

113
Q

Intervertebral discs are found between

A

Cervical #2 and the sacrum

114
Q

Intervertebral discs are made up of

A

A fibrous ring of fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage at the surface

115
Q

Intervertebral disc function

A

Form a strong joint, permit movement and absorb shock, they flatten and broaden with movement

116
Q

The vertebral body function

A

Weight bear, attachment sites for intervertebral discs, contain nutrient foramina to deliver oxygen and remove wastes from bones

117
Q

Vertebral arch forms a:

A

Vertebral canal that extends from the vertebral body and surrounds the spinal cord

118
Q

The vertebral arch contains

A

Spinal cord, adipose tissue, areolar connective tissue and blood vessels

119
Q

Pedicles are ________ called vertebral notches that permit:

A

Indentations
Passage of spinal nerve that send information to and from the spinal cord

120
Q

Point of spinal processes

A

Muscle attachment, form joints between vertebrae

121
Q

Cervical vertebrae:
How many?
Size?
Located?

A

7
Smallest with large arches
At the neck

122
Q

Difference between vertebral foramen and transverse foramen if the cervical spine

A

Vertebral: house the spinal cord
Transverse: house arteries, veins and nerve fibers

123
Q

C1 is called the _______.
Structure?

A

Atlas
Body or muscle attachment(spinous process)

124
Q

C1 two main articulations

A

1: articulate with the occipital condyle forming Atlanto-occipital joint)
2 articulate with c2 (inferior articular facet)

125
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint permits:

A

“Yes” movement of the head

126
Q

C2 is known as the _____.
Structure?

A

Axis
Had a vertebral body and a “dens” which is a projection called odontoid process

127
Q

The odontoid process allows for:

A

“No” movement of the head

128
Q

Atlanti-axial joint articulates

A

C1 arch and c2 is odontoid process

129
Q

Vertebral prominens is found:

A

At C7, A large non bifid spinous process felt at the base of the neck

130
Q

Thoracic vertebrae:
How many?
Located?

A

12
Ribs

131
Q

T1-T10 shape, and how does it differ from T11-T12

A

T1-T10: Long, flat, direct downwards
T11-T12: short, Broad and direct backward

132
Q

Thoracic vertebrae articulate with the rib ____

A

Heads

133
Q

The 2 articular surfaces of the vertebral bodies are:

A

Facet: rib head articulates with 1 vertebral body
Demifacet: rib head articulates with 2 vertebral bodies

134
Q

T1 articulates with rib(s)

A

T1 (superior facet) and T2 (inferior facet)

135
Q

T2-T8 articulate with rib(s)

A

Superiorly and inferior demifacet with ribs 2-9

136
Q

T10-T12 articulate with rib(s)

A

Facet: 10-12

137
Q

Vertebrocostal joint is the articulation between

A

Ribs and thoracic vertebrae

138
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae:
How many?
Size?
Location?
Function?

A

5
Largest
Lower back
Allow for muscle attachment

139
Q

Sacral vertebrae:
How many?
Location?

A

5 that fuse together in adulthood
Pelvic cavity between the hip bones

140
Q

The female sacrum is _____, _____ and _____

A

Short, wide and curved

141
Q

The sacral Ala is a fused transverse process of __

A

Sacral 1

142
Q

Anterior and posterior sacral foramina allow passage of:

A

Nerves and blood vessels

143
Q

The superior part of the sacrum is called _____ and the inferior part of the sacrum is called _____

A

Base
Apex

144
Q

The sacrum articulates with the ileum of the hip bone by the:

A

Sacroiliac joint

145
Q

The superior articular process at the base of S1 articulates with the inferior articular process of L5 by the:

A

Lumbosacral joint

146
Q

Coccygeal vertebrae:
How many?

A

4 that fuse together in early adulthood

147
Q

Difference between the direction that coccygeal vertebrae direct in females and males

A

Females: point inferiorly
Males: point anteriorly

148
Q

Coccygeal vertebrae articulate with the sacrums:

A

Apex

149
Q

The thorax is a part of the

A

Chest

150
Q

The thoracic cage consists of:

A

Sternum bones, ribs, costal cartilage, and thoracic vertebrae

151
Q

Function of the thorax

A

Protect organs, provide support, plays a role in breathing

152
Q

The sternum is the

A

Breastbone

153
Q

Parts of the sternum are:

A

Manubrium, Body, and xiphoid process

154
Q

The depression on the superior surface of the manubrium is the

A

Suprasternal notch

155
Q

The clavicle articulates to the ______________ to form the __________ joint

A

Clavicular notch
Sternoclavicular

156
Q

The manubrium articulated with the costal cartilages of ribs #

A

1&2

157
Q

The body of the sternum articulates with the costal cartilages of ribs #

A

2-10

158
Q

The xiphoid process of the sternum is made of _______ cartilage till middle adulthood

A

Hyaline

159
Q

The function of the xiphoid process of the sternum

A

Abdominal muscle attachments

160
Q

How many ribs in the body

A

12 pairs

161
Q

True Ribs:

A

Ribs 1-7
Attach DIRECTLY to the sternum by hyaline/costal cartilage
Vertebrosternal

162
Q

False ribs:

A

Ribs 8-12
Attach INDIRECTLY or NOT AT ALL to the sternum
Vertebrochondral

163
Q

Floating ribs:

A

Number 11 & 12 as they only attach to the thoracic vertebra, and NOT AT ALL to the sternum

Bio 235 Midterm 1 (8 decks)

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