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Bio 235 Midterm 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define anatomy

A

The science of body structures and the relationships among them

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

The science of body functions

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3
Q

Identify the location of the integumentary system and the major organs it contains

A

The skin of the whole body, contains the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fatty tissue

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4
Q

Identify the location of the skeletal system and the major organs involved

A

Bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, cartilage throughout the body from the skull and face, includes the trunk, vertebrae and limbs (axial and appendicular)

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5
Q

Identify the location of the muscular system and the organs contains

A

Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles and muscle fibres throughout the body

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6
Q

Identify the location of the nervous system and the major organs included

A

The brain and spinal cord and network of nerves throughout the body

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7
Q

Identify the locations of the endocrine system and the major organs involved

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal body, ovaries and testes, the organs are generally midline down the body

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8
Q

Identify the location of the lymphatic system and the major organs included

A

Mucous membranes, tonsils, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes and vessels and lymph fluid

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9
Q

Identify the location of the cardiovascular system and the major organs involved

A

Heart and blood vessels like arteries and veins throughout the body

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10
Q

Identify the location of the respiratory system and the major organs involved

A

Lungs, nose, mouth, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), trachea, bronchi, diaphragm

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11
Q

Identify the location of the digestive system and the major organs involved

A

Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

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12
Q

Identify the location of the urinary system and the major organs involved

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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13
Q

Identify the location of the reproductive system and the major organs involved

A

Females: vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, accessory glands, mammary glands, clitoris, the labia’s
Males: scrotum, testis, penis, prostate glands, vas defernes, urethra, seminal vesicles, epididymis

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14
Q

What are the major vital organs

A

Heart, brain, liver, kidneys, and lungs

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15
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organization in the body

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System
  6. Organism
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16
Q

What is the chemical level of structural organization

A
  1. Contains the smallest units of matter, atoms
  2. participates in chemical reactions,
  3. contains molecules, which are 2 or more atoms joined together
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17
Q

What is the cellular level of structural organization

A
  1. Molecules that combine to form cells
  2. Basic structure and functional units of an organism
  3. composed of chemicals
    4 smallest living units in the body
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18
Q

What is the tissue level of structural organization

A
  1. Groups of cells and materials
  2. Work together to perform a particular function
  3. Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue
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19
Q

What is the organ level of structural organization

A
  1. Different types of tissues that join together
  2. Each organ has a specific function and shapes
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20
Q

What is the system level of structural organization

A
  1. Multiple organs working together with a common function
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21
Q

What is the organism level of structural organization

A
  1. A living individual
  2. Contains parts of the body that function together
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22
Q

What are the 6 life process of the body

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
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23
Q

Of the 6 life processes, what is metabolism

A

A chemical body process, consisting of catabolism and anabolism

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24
Q

Differentiate catabolism and anabolism

A

Catabolism is the breakdown of complex chemicals into simple chemicals
Anabolism is the buildup of simple chemicals into complex chemicals

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25
Q

Of the 6 life processes, what is responsiveness

A

Detects and responds to body changes

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26
Q

Of the 6 life processes, what is movement

A

The motion and movement of the body, cells, organs, structures, and chemicals

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27
Q

Of the 6 life processes, what is growth

A

Increase in the size or number of cells

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28
Q

Of the 6 life processes, what is differentiation

A

The development from unspecialized to specialized in structures of functions

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29
Q

Of the 6 life processes, what is reproductions

A

The formation, repair or replacement of new cells

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30
Q

What is the importance of homeostasis in body cells

A

Maintain the volume and composition of body fluids

31
Q

What are the fluids within the body

A

Dilute, watery substances containing dissolved chemicals within cells and surrounding them. Includes intercellular fluids, and extracellular fluids

32
Q

Differentiate between intracellular fluids and extracellular fluids

A

Intracellular fluids (ICF) are fluids within a cell
Extracellular fluids (ECF) are fluids outside the body cells, within the internal environment

The interstitial fluid fills the narrow space between each cells and tissue.

I.e ECF = interstitial fluid + plasma/lymph/cerebrospinal fluid/synovial fluid

33
Q

Define homeostasis

A

State of stability within the body’s internal environment to maintain life

34
Q

What are the 3 main components and functions of a feedback system

A
  1. Receptor- monitors changes in a controlled condition, sends input to the control centre
  2. control centre- has a range or set point that is needed to be maintained for homeostasis, receives and evaluates the input, generates the output and sends to the effector
  3. effectors - receives the output and produces a response that changes the controlled condition to return to homeostasis
35
Q

Differentiate between a negative and positive feedback system, with examples of each

A
  1. A negative feedback system is meant to reverse a change in a controlled condition (body temperature, change in blood pressure, the body reacts to regulate these)
  2. A positive feedback system is meant to strength or reinforce/induce a change in the controlled condition (Induce labor contractions, blood pressure drops during blood loss)
36
Q

During labour, what is the stimulus of the feedback system

A

The first contraction to push the fetus towards the cervix

37
Q

During labour, what is the receptor of the feedback system

A

Nerve cells that stretch the cervix

38
Q

During labour, what is the controlled condition of the feedback system

A

The cervix, controls the amount of stretching

39
Q

During labor, what is the input of the feedback system

A

As stretching increases, it requires more nerve impulses

40
Q

During labour, what is the control centre of the feedback system

A

The brain, which receives the nerve impulses

41
Q

During labour, what is the output of the feedback system

A

The hormone oxytocin that is released from the pituitary gland

42
Q

During labor, what is the effector of the feedback system

A

Muscles of the uterus, received the hormone oxytocin, that causes an increase in contractions to push the fetus further down

43
Q

What causes homeostatic imbalances

A
  1. Disturbances of the external environment by physical stress (heat, lack of oxygen)
  2. Disruptions in the internal environment (blood glucose drops)
  3. Psychological stresses in social environments (poisoning, overexposure to extreme temperature, infection, surgery)
44
Q

What are the regulating systems that help with homeostasis

A
  1. Nervous system - send signals like nerve impulses to organs to counteract changes (Rapid change)
  2. Endocrine system - glands secrete hormones which are messes her molecules (Slow change)
45
Q

What are anatomical planes

A

Imaginary flat lines that pass through the body parts

46
Q

What is a Sagittal anatomical plane

A

An imaginary vertical line that divides the body or organ into a right and left side
(Midsagittal has an equal left and right side, parasagittal has unequal left and right sides)

47
Q

What is a frontal anatomical plane

A

Divides the body or organ into a front and back (anterior and posterior)

48
Q

What is a transverse anatomical plane

A

Divides the body or organ into a horizontal upper and lower portion (superior and inferior) known as cross-sectional

49
Q

What is an oblique anatomical plane

A

Passes through the body or organ at an oblique angle (anything other than 90 degrees)

50
Q

Describe the directional term superior

A

Toward the head or upper part of an organ or structure

51
Q

Describe the directional term inferior

A

Away from the head, or lower part of a structure or organ

52
Q

Describe the directional term anterior

A

Nearest to or at the front of the body

53
Q

Describe the directional term posterior

A

Nearest to or at the back of the body

54
Q

Describe the directional term medial

A

Nearer to the midline

55
Q

Describe the directional term lateral

A

Farther from the midline

56
Q

Describe the directional term intermediate

A

Between two structures

57
Q

Describe the directional term ipsiateral

A

On the same side of the body as another structure (relates to abdominal organs)

58
Q

Describe the directional term contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body from another structure (relates to abdominal organs)

59
Q

Describe the directional term proximal

A

Neater to the trunk, where a limb attaches

60
Q

Describe the direction term distal

A

Farther from the trunk of where the limb attaches

61
Q

Describe the directional term superficial

A

Towards the surface of the body

62
Q

Describe the directional term deep

A

Away from the surface of the body

63
Q

What are the 3 main body cavities of the body

A
  1. Cranial cavity
  2. Thoracic cavity
  3. Abdominopelvic cavity
64
Q

What does the cranial cavity include

A
  • cranial bones form a hollow space to protect the brain
  • the vertebral column that forms a vertebral canal containing and protecting the spinal cord
  • Contains 3 layers of protective tissue, meninges, and shock absorbing fluid
65
Q

How is the thoracic cavity formed

A

Formed by the ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum and thoracic vertebra

66
Q

What are the 3 parts that are contained in the thoracic cavity

A
  1. Mediastinum (between the lungs from the sternum to the vertebral column) contains all organs other than the lungs- heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, large blood vessels surrounding the heart. It seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
  2. Pericardial cavity (within the thoracic cavity) - surrounds the heart
  3. Pleural cavity - 2 fluid filled spaces around the lungs
67
Q

How is the abdominopelvic cavity formed

A

Extends from the diaphragm to the groin, surrounded by a wall of abdominal muscle, bones and pelvic muscles. Contains no membrane or division between the abdomen and pelvic cavities

68
Q

What is contained in the abdominal cavity

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of the large intestine

69
Q

What is contained in the pelvic cavity

A

Urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive systems of both genders

70
Q

Differentiate between the parietal layer and the visceral layer

A
  1. Parietal layers line the outside cavity walls
  2. Visceral layers further inside, adheres and cover to the surface of organs
71
Q

What are the parietal layers

A
  1. Parietal pleura (chest wall, superior surface of the diaphragm)
  2. Parietal pericardia (chest and heart wall)
  3. Parietal peritoneum (abdominal wall, inferior diaphragm surface)
72
Q

What are the visceral layers

A
  1. Visceral pleura (sticks/covers the surface of the lungs)
  2. Visceral pericardium (sticks/covers the surface of the heart)
  3. Visceral peritoneum (sticks/covers the surface of the abdominal organs)
73
Q

What is the function of the serous membrane ?

A

Located in between the 2 layers - parietal and visceral layers or the body cavities, it contains serous fluid which allows for movements between the organs and body cavities

Bio 235 Midterm 1 (8 decks)

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