Chapter 7 Flashcards
Axial skeleton
Skull: cranium (8) face (14)
Hyoid bone (1)
Auditory ossicles (6)
Vetebral column (24)
Sacrum coccyx
Thorax: sternum (1) ribs (24)
80 total
Appendicular skeleton
Clavicle
Scapula
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs
126
Long bones
Slight curve, mostly compact in diaphyses more spongy in epiphyses
Short bones
Cube like spongy bone except surface that is compact
Wrist
Flat bones
Thin, composed of two parallel plates of compact bone enclosing spongy
For protection/muscle attachment
Cranial, sternum, ribs, scapulae
Irregular bones
Complex shapes carrying spongy/compact
Vertebrae facial hip calcaneus
Sesamoid bones
Develop in certain tendons where friction/tension/stress, vary in number per person, not always completely ossified, usually few mm
Protect tendons, change direction of pull of a tendon=improves mechanics at joint
Patellae
Sutural bones
Small homes in sutures between certain cranial bones
Varies in number per person
Depressions and openings
Sites allowing the passage of soft tissue or formation of joints
Fissure
Foremen
Fossa
Sulcus
Meatus
Four flamingos fight springy mammals
Fissure
Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone through which nerve/BV pass
Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
Foramen
Opening through which BV/nerves/ligaments pass
Optic foramen of sphenoid bone
Fossa
Shallow depression
Coronoid fossa of humerus
Sulcus
Furrow along bone surface that accommodates BV nerve or tendon
Intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Meatus
Tubelike opening
External auditory Meatus of temporal bone
Processes
Projections or outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue (ligaments tendons)
Processes forming joints
Condyle
Facet
Head
Crows fight hedgehogs
Condyle
Large round protuberance with smooth articular surface at end of bone
Lateral Condyle of femur
Facet
Smooth flat slightly concave or convex articular surface
Superior articular facet of vertebra
Head
Usually rounded articular projection supported on neck of bone
Head of femur
Processes forming attachment points for connective tissue
Crest
Epicondyle
Line
Spinous process
Trochanter
Tubercle
Tuberosity
Crows eat like small tiny tidy toads
Crest
Prominent ridge or elongated projection
Iliac crest of hip bone
Epicondlye
Typically roughened narrow ridge/border
Medial epicondyle of femur
Line
Long narrow ridge or border less prominent than crest
Linea apsera of femur
Spinous process
Sharp slender projection
Spinous process of vertebra
Trochanter
Very large projection
Greater trochanter of femur
Tubercle
Variably sized rounded projection
Greater tubercle of humerus
Tuberosity
Variably sized projection that has a rough bumpy surface
Ischial tuberosity of hip bone
Components of skull
22 bones
Cranial (8)
Facial (14)
Frontal bone
Not paired
Forms for head roof of orbits, anterior of cranial floor
Two sides of frontal bone are joined by metopic suture soon after birth
Frontal squama: forehead
Supraobirtal margin (thickened frontal at superior border of orbits)
foramen (hole)/
notch (incomplete hole)
Frontal sinuses
Deep to frontal squama, mucous membrane lined cavities
Parietal bones
Paired
Greater portion of sides/roof of cranial cavity
Inner surface has many protrusions/depressions=BV supply dura matter
Temporal bones
Paired
Form interior later aspects of cranium/ part of cranial floor
Temporal squama: anterior/superior part of temple
Zygomatic process
Zygomatic arch
Madibular fossa
Articular tubercle
Temporal mandible joint
Mastoid portion: posterior/inferior to external auditory Meatus
Mastoid process
Internal auditory Meatus
Petrous portion: floor of cranial cavity between sphenoid/occipital bone houses internal/middle ear
Zygomatic process and parts
On Temporal bones
Projects from inferior of squama, articulates with zygomatic bone
Zygomatic arch: zygomatic process of temporal bone/temporal process of zygomatic bone
Zygomatic fossa: inferior/posterior surface of the zygomatic process
Articular tubercle: anterior to mandibular fossa
Temporomandubilar joint (TMJ): two above articulate with mandible to form TMJ
Mastoid portion and parts
Mastoid processes:rounded projection posterior/inferior to external auditory Meatus attachment for neck muscles
External auditory Meatus: opening for facial vestibulocochlear nerve pass
Occipital bone
Not paired
Forms posterior part/most of cranium
Foramen magnum: inferior part of bone
Occipital condyles: oval processes with convex surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum
External occipital protuberance: midline projection supports head ligament attaches to C7
Sphenoid bone
Not paired
Middle base of skull behind nasal cavity
Sella turcica: saddle shaped in superior
Hypophyseal fossa: seat of saddle contains pituitary gland
Ethmoid bone
Delicate spongelike bone, anterior of cranial floor, superior of nasal septum most of superior sidewalls of nasal cavity
Major supporting structure of nasal cavity
Facial bones
Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
Palatine bones (2)
Vomer (1)
Maxillae (2)
Zygomatic bones (2)
Mandible (1)
Nasal bones
Paired
Small flattened rectangular bones form bridge
Protection/muscle attachment
Lacrimal bones
Paired
Thin resemble fingernail smallest homes of face
Form medial wall of each orbit
Lacrimal fossa: vertical tunnel formed with maxilla, houses lacrimal sac(tears)
Inferior nasal conchae
Paired
Inferior to medial nasal conchae, not part of ethmoid
Scroll like form inferior/lateral part of nasal cavity
All 3 filter air, only superior has sense of smell
Palatine bones
Paired
L shaped form posterior of hard palate/part of floor/lateral wall of nasal cavity/part of floor of orbit
Vomer
Not paired
Triangular on floor of nasal cavity/inferior of nasal septum
Maxillae
Paired
Form upper jaw articulate with every home but mandible
Form part of floor of orbit/lateral walls/floor of nasal cavity/hard palate
Hard palate
Bony roof of mouth formed by palatine process/maxillae
Maxillary sinus
Emptied into nasal cavity
Zygomatic bones
Paired
Cheekbones form part of lateral wall/floor of orbits
Forms zygomatic arch
Mandible
Not paired
Lower jawbone largest/stongest/movable
Body: horizontal
Rami: perpendicular
Ramus: angle meets body
Condylar process: articulates with mandible fossa/articular tubercle of temporal=TMj
Special feature of skull
Nasal septum: divides nasal (vomer, septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid)
Orbits: eye socket, 3 cranial (frontal sphenoid ethmoid) 4 facial (palatine zygomatic lacrimal maxillae)
5 openings at each
Foramina: openings for BV/nerves/ligaments
Sutures of skull
Coronal: unites frontal to both parietal
Sagittal: unites both parietal on superior midline of skull
Lambdoid: unites both parietal to occipital
Two squamous: unit parietal/temporal on lateral of skull
Paranasal sinuses
Favorited with certain cranial/facial bones near nasal cavity
Lined with mucous membrane
Secretes into lateral wall of nasal cavity
Frontal sphenoid ethmoid maxillae have these
Function: increase size not weight increase SA of nasal mucous/quality of voice
Fontanels
Mesenchyme filled spaces between cranial bones present at birth, develop into dense connective
Function: serve as spacers for growth of neighbouring skull bones/provide flexibility for birth
Hyoid bone
U shaped —> horizontal body paired projections between mandible/larynx
Doesn’t articulate
Suspended from styloid process of the temporal bones by ligaments/muscles
Function: support tongue/attachment for tongue neck pharynx muscles
How much of height is vetebral colum
2/5
What is vertebrae made of
Bone connective tissue
What is spinal cord made of
Nervous connective tissue
How many vertebra in early development vs adult
33
26
Movable vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
Not movable vertebrae
1 sacrum: 5 fused sacral
1 coccyx: four fused coccygeal
Curves of vertebrae
Cervical/lumbar=convex (secondary)
Thoracic/sacral=concave (primary)
Function: strength,balance, absorb shock, stop fracture
When is cervical/lumbar curve created
3 month/hold head=cervical
Walk=lumbar
Intervertebral discs
Found beneath bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Avascular
From C2 to sacral
25 percent of height
Annulus fibrous: outer ring constituent of Fibrocartilage
Nucleus pulposus: inner soft pulpy highly elastic substance
Thin disc of hylaine cartilage
Function: form strong joints, permit movement, absorb shock
Vertebral body
Thick disc shape, weight bearing roughened surfaces for attachment of intervertebral discs, anterior/lateral surface have nutrient foramina for BV
Vertebral arch
Short thick project posterially unite with flat laminae
Vertebral foramen
Vertebral body/vertebral arch=vertebral foramen=forms vertebral canal
Vetebral processes
7 arise from arch
Transverse: extends laterally on each side
Spinous: spine, projects posterialy from junction of laminae
Superior articular: articulate with inferior
Inferior articular: articulate superior
Facets: articulatroy surfaces of articulating processes
Cervical vertebrae
Size
Foramina
Spinous processes
Transverse processes
Articular facets for ribs
Direction of articular facets (sup/inf)
Size of intervertebral discs
Smaller than all other except coccyx
Larger vertebral arches
One vertebral/two transverse foramina
Spinouse process: slender bifid
Transverse processes: small
Articular facts for ribs: absent
Direction of Articular facts:
Superior: posterosuperior
Inferior: anteroinferior
Size of intervertebral discs: thick
Thoracic vertebrae
Size
Foramina
Spinous processes
Transverse processes
Articular facets for ribs
Direction of articular facets (sup/inf)
Size of intervertebral discs
12
Size: larger
Foramina: one vertebral
Spinous processes: long, fairly thick, project inferiorly
Transverse processes: fairly large
Articular facets for ribs: present
Direction of articular facets (sup/inf):
Superior: posterlateral
Inferior: anteromedial
Size of intervertebral discs:thin
Atlas
C1
Ring of bone with anterior posterior arches and lateral masses but no body/spinous process
Atlanto-occipital joints
Concave superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyles
Move head yes
Axis
C2 has body
Odontoid process: peg like moves head no
Atlanto-axial joint: articulates between anterior arch of atlas and dens of axis
C7
Has large spinous process
Costal facets
Thoracic
Articular surfaces for ribs on transverse processes
Vetebrocostal joints
Thoracic
Articulations between thoracic vertebrae/ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
Size
Foramina
Spinous processes
Transverse processes
Articular facets for ribs
Direction of articular facets (sup/inf)
Size of intervertebral discs
5
Size: largest
Foramina: one Vetebral
Spinous processes: short blunt project posteriorly
Transverse processes: large and blunt
Articular facets for ribs: absent
Direction of articular facets (sup/inf):
Superior: medial
Inferior: lateral
Size of intervertebral discs: thickest
Sacrum
Triangular, formed by 5 fused beginning at 16-18 ending at 30
Sacral promontory: anterior projecting border of base=measurement of pelvis
Sacrioliac joint: both lateral surface have articular surface that articulates with ilium of hip bone
Lumbosacral joint: base of sacrum articulated with body of 5L
Coccyx
Triangular, 4 fused between 20-30
Females points inferiorly
Males points anteriorly
Thorax
Entire chest region
Thoracic cage
Bony enclosure formed by sternum ribs costal cartilages bodies of thoracic vertebrae
Sternum description
Flat narrow at center of anterior thoracic wall
Manubrium
Superior part
Fuse at 25 with body xiphoid
Body
Middle largest part
Fuse with maubrium and xiphoid at 25
Xiphoid
Inferior/smallest part consists of hyaline cartilage (ossified at 40)
Fuse with manubrium and body at 25
Sternal angle
Junction of manubrium/body
Superasternal notch
Depression on superior surface of manubrium
Clavicular notch
Lateral to suprasternal notch articulate with medial ends of clavicles=sternoclavicular joints
Ribs
Increase in size to seven then decrease ( )
Costal cartilage
1-7 have direct anterior attachment to sternum by hyaline cartilage
True ribs
Function: elasticity of thoracic cage, prevent fracture
Sternocostal joints
Articulations formed between true ribs/sternum
Vetebrochondral ribs
8-10 false ribs attach to one another and then cartilage of 7
Floating (vertebral) ribs
11-12 don’t attach to sternum at all, attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
Annulus fibrous
Outer edge of intervertebral discs consisting of Fibrocartilage
Nucleus pulposus
Nucleus pulposus: inner soft pulpy highly elastic substance
