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Biol235 Quiz 2 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull: cranium (8) face (14)
Hyoid bone (1)
Auditory ossicles (6)
Vetebral column (24)
Sacrum coccyx
Thorax: sternum (1) ribs (24)

80 total

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2
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Clavicle
Scapula
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs

126

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3
Q

Long bones

A

Slight curve, mostly compact in diaphyses more spongy in epiphyses

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4
Q

Short bones

A

Cube like spongy bone except surface that is compact
Wrist

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5
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin, composed of two parallel plates of compact bone enclosing spongy
For protection/muscle attachment
Cranial, sternum, ribs, scapulae

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6
Q

Irregular bones

A

Complex shapes carrying spongy/compact
Vertebrae facial hip calcaneus

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7
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Develop in certain tendons where friction/tension/stress, vary in number per person, not always completely ossified, usually few mm
Protect tendons, change direction of pull of a tendon=improves mechanics at joint
Patellae

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8
Q

Sutural bones

A

Small homes in sutures between certain cranial bones
Varies in number per person

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9
Q

Depressions and openings

A

Sites allowing the passage of soft tissue or formation of joints

Fissure
Foremen
Fossa
Sulcus
Meatus

Four flamingos fight springy mammals

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10
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone through which nerve/BV pass

Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

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11
Q

Foramen

A

Opening through which BV/nerves/ligaments pass

Optic foramen of sphenoid bone

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12
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow depression

Coronoid fossa of humerus

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13
Q

Sulcus

A

Furrow along bone surface that accommodates BV nerve or tendon

Intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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14
Q

Meatus

A

Tubelike opening

External auditory Meatus of temporal bone

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15
Q

Processes

A

Projections or outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue (ligaments tendons)

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16
Q

Processes forming joints

A

Condyle
Facet
Head

Crows fight hedgehogs

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17
Q

Condyle

A

Large round protuberance with smooth articular surface at end of bone

Lateral Condyle of femur

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18
Q

Facet

A

Smooth flat slightly concave or convex articular surface

Superior articular facet of vertebra

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19
Q

Head

A

Usually rounded articular projection supported on neck of bone

Head of femur

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20
Q

Processes forming attachment points for connective tissue

A

Crest
Epicondyle
Line
Spinous process
Trochanter
Tubercle
Tuberosity

Crows eat like small tiny tidy toads

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21
Q

Crest

A

Prominent ridge or elongated projection

Iliac crest of hip bone

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22
Q

Epicondlye

A

Typically roughened narrow ridge/border

Medial epicondyle of femur

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23
Q

Line

A

Long narrow ridge or border less prominent than crest

Linea apsera of femur

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24
Q

Spinous process

A

Sharp slender projection

Spinous process of vertebra

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25
Q

Trochanter

A

Very large projection

Greater trochanter of femur

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26
Q

Tubercle

A

Variably sized rounded projection

Greater tubercle of humerus

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27
Q

Tuberosity

A

Variably sized projection that has a rough bumpy surface

Ischial tuberosity of hip bone

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28
Q

Components of skull

A

22 bones
Cranial (8)
Facial (14)

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29
Q

Frontal bone

A

Not paired

Forms for head roof of orbits, anterior of cranial floor
Two sides of frontal bone are joined by metopic suture soon after birth

Frontal squama: forehead

Supraobirtal margin (thickened frontal at superior border of orbits)
foramen (hole)/
notch (incomplete hole)

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30
Q

Frontal sinuses

A

Deep to frontal squama, mucous membrane lined cavities

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31
Q

Parietal bones

A

Paired

Greater portion of sides/roof of cranial cavity
Inner surface has many protrusions/depressions=BV supply dura matter

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32
Q

Temporal bones

A

Paired

Form interior later aspects of cranium/ part of cranial floor

Temporal squama: anterior/superior part of temple
Zygomatic process
Zygomatic arch
Madibular fossa
Articular tubercle
Temporal mandible joint

Mastoid portion: posterior/inferior to external auditory Meatus
Mastoid process
Internal auditory Meatus

Petrous portion: floor of cranial cavity between sphenoid/occipital bone houses internal/middle ear

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33
Q

Zygomatic process and parts

A

On Temporal bones

Projects from inferior of squama, articulates with zygomatic bone

Zygomatic arch: zygomatic process of temporal bone/temporal process of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic fossa: inferior/posterior surface of the zygomatic process

Articular tubercle: anterior to mandibular fossa

Temporomandubilar joint (TMJ): two above articulate with mandible to form TMJ

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34
Q

Mastoid portion and parts

A

Mastoid processes:rounded projection posterior/inferior to external auditory Meatus attachment for neck muscles

External auditory Meatus: opening for facial vestibulocochlear nerve pass

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35
Q

Occipital bone

A

Not paired

Forms posterior part/most of cranium

Foramen magnum: inferior part of bone

Occipital condyles: oval processes with convex surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum

External occipital protuberance: midline projection supports head ligament attaches to C7

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36
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Not paired

Middle base of skull behind nasal cavity

Sella turcica: saddle shaped in superior
Hypophyseal fossa: seat of saddle contains pituitary gland

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37
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

Delicate spongelike bone, anterior of cranial floor, superior of nasal septum most of superior sidewalls of nasal cavity

Major supporting structure of nasal cavity

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38
Q

Facial bones

A

Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
Palatine bones (2)
Vomer (1)
Maxillae (2)
Zygomatic bones (2)
Mandible (1)

39
Q

Nasal bones

A

Paired

Small flattened rectangular bones form bridge
Protection/muscle attachment

40
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

Paired

Thin resemble fingernail smallest homes of face
Form medial wall of each orbit

Lacrimal fossa: vertical tunnel formed with maxilla, houses lacrimal sac(tears)

41
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A

Paired

Inferior to medial nasal conchae, not part of ethmoid
Scroll like form inferior/lateral part of nasal cavity

All 3 filter air, only superior has sense of smell

42
Q

Palatine bones

A

Paired

L shaped form posterior of hard palate/part of floor/lateral wall of nasal cavity/part of floor of orbit

43
Q

Vomer

A

Not paired

Triangular on floor of nasal cavity/inferior of nasal septum

44
Q

Maxillae

A

Paired

Form upper jaw articulate with every home but mandible
Form part of floor of orbit/lateral walls/floor of nasal cavity/hard palate

45
Q

Hard palate

A

Bony roof of mouth formed by palatine process/maxillae

46
Q

Maxillary sinus

A

Emptied into nasal cavity

47
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

Paired

Cheekbones form part of lateral wall/floor of orbits

Forms zygomatic arch

48
Q

Mandible

A

Not paired

Lower jawbone largest/stongest/movable

Body: horizontal
Rami: perpendicular
Ramus: angle meets body

Condylar process: articulates with mandible fossa/articular tubercle of temporal=TMj

49
Q

Special feature of skull

A

Nasal septum: divides nasal (vomer, septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid)

Orbits: eye socket, 3 cranial (frontal sphenoid ethmoid) 4 facial (palatine zygomatic lacrimal maxillae)
5 openings at each

Foramina: openings for BV/nerves/ligaments

50
Q

Sutures of skull

A

Coronal: unites frontal to both parietal

Sagittal: unites both parietal on superior midline of skull

Lambdoid: unites both parietal to occipital

Two squamous: unit parietal/temporal on lateral of skull

51
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Favorited with certain cranial/facial bones near nasal cavity
Lined with mucous membrane
Secretes into lateral wall of nasal cavity

Frontal sphenoid ethmoid maxillae have these

Function: increase size not weight increase SA of nasal mucous/quality of voice

52
Q

Fontanels

A

Mesenchyme filled spaces between cranial bones present at birth, develop into dense connective

Function: serve as spacers for growth of neighbouring skull bones/provide flexibility for birth

53
Q

Hyoid bone

A

U shaped —> horizontal body paired projections between mandible/larynx

Doesn’t articulate
Suspended from styloid process of the temporal bones by ligaments/muscles

Function: support tongue/attachment for tongue neck pharynx muscles

54
Q

How much of height is vetebral colum

A

2/5

55
Q

What is vertebrae made of

A

Bone connective tissue

56
Q

What is spinal cord made of

A

Nervous connective tissue

57
Q

How many vertebra in early development vs adult

A

33
26

58
Q

Movable vertebrae

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar

59
Q

Not movable vertebrae

A

1 sacrum: 5 fused sacral
1 coccyx: four fused coccygeal

60
Q

Curves of vertebrae

A

Cervical/lumbar=convex (secondary)

Thoracic/sacral=concave (primary)

Function: strength,balance, absorb shock, stop fracture

61
Q

When is cervical/lumbar curve created

A

3 month/hold head=cervical

Walk=lumbar

62
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Found beneath bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Avascular
From C2 to sacral
25 percent of height

Annulus fibrous: outer ring constituent of Fibrocartilage
Nucleus pulposus: inner soft pulpy highly elastic substance
Thin disc of hylaine cartilage

Function: form strong joints, permit movement, absorb shock

63
Q

Vertebral body

A

Thick disc shape, weight bearing roughened surfaces for attachment of intervertebral discs, anterior/lateral surface have nutrient foramina for BV

64
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Short thick project posterially unite with flat laminae

65
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Vertebral body/vertebral arch=vertebral foramen=forms vertebral canal

66
Q

Vetebral processes

A

7 arise from arch
Transverse: extends laterally on each side
Spinous: spine, projects posterialy from junction of laminae
Superior articular: articulate with inferior
Inferior articular: articulate superior
Facets: articulatroy surfaces of articulating processes

67
Q

Cervical vertebrae
Size
Foramina
Spinous processes
Transverse processes
Articular facets for ribs
Direction of articular facets (sup/inf)
Size of intervertebral discs

A

Smaller than all other except coccyx
Larger vertebral arches

One vertebral/two transverse foramina

Spinouse process: slender bifid

Transverse processes: small

Articular facts for ribs: absent

Direction of Articular facts:
Superior: posterosuperior
Inferior: anteroinferior

Size of intervertebral discs: thick

68
Q

Thoracic vertebrae
Size
Foramina
Spinous processes
Transverse processes
Articular facets for ribs
Direction of articular facets (sup/inf)
Size of intervertebral discs

A

12

Size: larger
Foramina: one vertebral
Spinous processes: long, fairly thick, project inferiorly
Transverse processes: fairly large
Articular facets for ribs: present
Direction of articular facets (sup/inf):
Superior: posterlateral
Inferior: anteromedial
Size of intervertebral discs:thin

69
Q

Atlas

A

C1
Ring of bone with anterior posterior arches and lateral masses but no body/spinous process

70
Q

Atlanto-occipital joints

A

Concave superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyles

Move head yes

71
Q

Axis

A

C2 has body

Odontoid process: peg like moves head no
Atlanto-axial joint: articulates between anterior arch of atlas and dens of axis

72
Q

C7

A

Has large spinous process

73
Q

Costal facets

A

Thoracic
Articular surfaces for ribs on transverse processes

74
Q

Vetebrocostal joints

A

Thoracic

Articulations between thoracic vertebrae/ribs

75
Q

Thoracic vertebrae
Size
Foramina
Spinous processes
Transverse processes
Articular facets for ribs
Direction of articular facets (sup/inf)
Size of intervertebral discs

A

5

Size: largest
Foramina: one Vetebral
Spinous processes: short blunt project posteriorly
Transverse processes: large and blunt
Articular facets for ribs: absent
Direction of articular facets (sup/inf):
Superior: medial
Inferior: lateral
Size of intervertebral discs: thickest

76
Q

Sacrum

A

Triangular, formed by 5 fused beginning at 16-18 ending at 30

Sacral promontory: anterior projecting border of base=measurement of pelvis

Sacrioliac joint: both lateral surface have articular surface that articulates with ilium of hip bone

Lumbosacral joint: base of sacrum articulated with body of 5L

77
Q

Coccyx

A

Triangular, 4 fused between 20-30

Females points inferiorly
Males points anteriorly

78
Q

Thorax

A

Entire chest region

79
Q

Thoracic cage

A

Bony enclosure formed by sternum ribs costal cartilages bodies of thoracic vertebrae

80
Q

Sternum description

A

Flat narrow at center of anterior thoracic wall

81
Q

Manubrium

A

Superior part

Fuse at 25 with body xiphoid

82
Q

Body

A

Middle largest part

Fuse with maubrium and xiphoid at 25

83
Q

Xiphoid

A

Inferior/smallest part consists of hyaline cartilage (ossified at 40)

Fuse with manubrium and body at 25

84
Q

Sternal angle

A

Junction of manubrium/body

85
Q

Superasternal notch

A

Depression on superior surface of manubrium

86
Q

Clavicular notch

A

Lateral to suprasternal notch articulate with medial ends of clavicles=sternoclavicular joints

87
Q

Ribs

A

Increase in size to seven then decrease ( )

88
Q

Costal cartilage

A

1-7 have direct anterior attachment to sternum by hyaline cartilage
True ribs
Function: elasticity of thoracic cage, prevent fracture

89
Q

Sternocostal joints

A

Articulations formed between true ribs/sternum

90
Q

Vetebrochondral ribs

A

8-10 false ribs attach to one another and then cartilage of 7

91
Q

Floating (vertebral) ribs

A

11-12 don’t attach to sternum at all, attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

92
Q

Annulus fibrous

A

Outer edge of intervertebral discs consisting of Fibrocartilage

93
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

Nucleus pulposus: inner soft pulpy highly elastic substance

Biol235 Quiz 2 (5 decks)

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