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Biol235 Quiz 2 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Six main functions of skeletal system

A

Support
Protection
Assistance in movement
Mineral homeostasis (storage/release)
Blood cell production
Tryglyceride storage

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2
Q

Explain how bones control mineral homeostasis

A

Bone stores minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus and release on demand into blood

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3
Q

What Percentage of body mass is bone? What percentage of calcium is stored in bone

A

18
99

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4
Q

Explain blood cell production in bones

A

Red bone marrow produces RBC WBC and platelets: called hemopoises

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5
Q

Red bone marrow is made of what? Where is it found

A

Consists of blood cells Adipocytes fibroblasts macrophages in network of reticular fibers

Found in bones of fetus/ some adult (hip,ribs,sternum,vertebrae,skull, ends of humerus/femur)

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6
Q

Explain tryglyceride storage in bones

A

Yellow bone marrow consists of mainly adipose cells=potential energy reserve

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7
Q

Diaphysis

A

Bone shaft

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8
Q

Epiphyses

A

Proximal/distal end

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9
Q

Metaphyses

A

Between diaphyses/epiphyses

Contains epiphyseal plate=hyaline cartilage allowing diaphyses to grow

Epiphyseal line: at 14-24 replaces plate with bone

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10
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Thin layer hyaline cartilage covering epiphyseal at joint, no perichondrium/BV=limited repair

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11
Q

Periosteum/layers

A

Thought connective tissue sheath/blood supply surrounds bone not covered by articular cartilage

Outer fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue
Inner osteogenic layer: cells

Protects repairs nourish attachment point (ligaments/tendons)

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12
Q

Perforating fibers

A

Thick bundles of collagen attatching periosteum to bone

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13
Q

Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

A

Hollow space in diaphyses containing YBM/BV, minimizes weight of bone

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14
Q

Endostuem

A

Thin membrane lines medullary cavity, has bone forming cells/connective tissue

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15
Q

Other name for bone

A

Osseous tissue

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16
Q

ECM of bone

A

15% water
30% collagen fibers
55% crystallized minerals salts

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17
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

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18
Q

Calcification

A

Mineral salts crystallized=tissue hardens
Requires collagen fibers

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19
Q

What helps bone hardness/flexibility

A

Crystallized inorganic mineral salts=hardness
Collagen fibers=flexibility

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20
Q

Cells in bone tissue

A

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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21
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Unspecialized bone stem cells become osteoblasts
Found along Inner portion of periosteum, in endosteum, in canal in bone containing BV

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22
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells, synthesize/secrete collagen fibers, ECM, initiate calcification
When trapped in their secretions (ECM) become osteocytes

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23
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature/main bone cells, maintains bones daily metabolism

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24
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Huge cells from fusion of 50 monocytes (WBC)
Ruffled border releases lysosomal enzymes, breakdown ECM=bone resorption

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25
Compact bone tissue
Few spaces=strongest Found beneath periosteum of all bones/most diaphyses of long bones
26
Osteons (Haversian) systems
Repeating concentric lamellae arranges around osteonic (Haversian/central) canal
27
Concentric lamellae
Circular plates of mineralized ECM in increasing diameter (tree rings)
28
Lacunae
Spaces between concentric lamellae
29
Canaliculi
Radiate from lacunae Filled with ECM, system of interconnected canals in bone for O2s/nutrients/wastes
30
How are osteons arranged in compact vs spongy
Aligned in same direction and are parallel to the length of diaphyses No osteons
31
Interstitial lamellae
Area between neighbouring osteons Have lacunae with osteocytes/Canaliculi
32
Interosteonic canals
BV/nerves form periosteum penetrate the compact bone thought these these transversely Connect with medullary cavity periosteum central canals
33
Circumferential lamellae
Around entire outer/inner circumference of shaft of long bone External:under periosteum connected by perforating fibers Internal: lines medullary cavity
34
Spongy bone tissue
Always interior covered by compact bone for protection Spongy=light=easier to move
35
Trabeculae
Spongy Irregularly patterned lamellae Consists of concentric lanellae, osteocytes that lie in lacunae, Canaliculi radiate outward from lacunae Support RBM and protect
36
Periosteal arteries
Small arteries with nerves enter diaphysis through interosteonic canal to supply periosteum/outer compact bone
37
Nutrient artery
Passed through a hole in the compact bone called nutrient foramen Supplies inner compact bone/spongy bone/RBM as far as epiphyseal plates/lines
38
Nutrient veins
One of two a company nutrient artery, exit through diaphyses
39
Epiphyseal veins/metaphyseal veins
Numerous acoompany respective arteries/exit areas
40
Periosteal veins
Many accompany respective arteries be exit periosteum
41
Nerves into bone
Accompany BV that supplies bones periosteum is rich with nerves
42
Ossification
Process by which a bone forms
43
Initial bone formation in an embryo/fetus (don’t think this is right but two kinds)
Intramembraneous ossification: forms within Mesenchyme, simpler Endochondral ossification: replacement of cartilage by bone
44
Intramembraneous ossification steps
1) Development of ossification center: Chemical message cause Mesenchyme to cluster(center) and differentiate into Osteoprogenitor cells then osteoblasts 2) calcification: secretion of ECM stops, osteocytes lie in lacunae extend cytoplasmic processes into Canaliculi Calcium/mineral salts deposit into ECM=hardens/calcified 3) formation of trabeculae: ECM develops into trabeculae=forms spongy around BV Connective tissue in trabeculae differentiates into RBM 4) development of the periosteum: Mesenchyme condenses=periosteum Thin layer replaced surface layers of spongy bone
45
Endochondral ossification steps simple
Development of cartilage model Growth of cartilage model Development of the primary ossification center Development of the medullary (marrow) cavity Development of secondary ossification center Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal (growth) plate
46
Development of cartilage model
Mesenchyme crowds into shape of bone, develop into chondoblasts, perichondrium develops
47
Growth of cartilage model
division of chondrocytes=growth Interstitial/endogenous growth: length chondrocytes dividing/secretion ECM Appositional/exogenous growth: thickness, deposition of ECM on surface form perichondrium
48
Development of primary ossification center
Nutrient artery penetrates, perichondrium forms bone=perisoteum, capillaries induce growth of primary ossification center (bone tissue replaces cartilage)
49
Development of medullary canal
Bone breakdown by osteoclasts =canal
50
Development of secondary ossification center
Secondary ossification centres In epiphyses
51
Formation of articular cartilage formation
Consist of hyaline cartilage
52
Growth in length
Interstitial forth of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate Replacement of cartilage with bone by Endochondral ossification of diaphysial side
53
Four zones of epiphyseal plate/growth in length
1) zone of resting cartilage: consist of small scattered chondrocytes, anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphyses 2) zone of proliferation cartilage: larger chondrocytes arranged like coins, interstitial growth/secrete ECM replace diaphyses side 3) zone of hypertonic cartilage: even larger chondrocytes arranged in columns 4) since of calcified cartilage, few chondrocytes dead as ECM calcified, osteoclasts/osteoblasts use Endochondral ossification=new diaphyses
54
Growth in thickness
1) periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, surrounded by ECM=osteocytes, forms bone ridges 2) ridges fold/fuse, groove becomes tunnel that encloses BV, periosteum=endosteum 3)osteoblast in endosteum deposit bone ECM=forming new concentric lamellae 4) osteoblasts under periosteum deposit circumferential lamellae=thicnkess
55
Bone remodelling
Bone reposition: removal of mineral/collagen fibers by osteoclasts (destroy ECM) Bone deposition: addition of mineral/collagen fibers by osteoblast (add ECM)
56
Factors affecting bone growth/remodelling
1) minerals: large # Ca/P, small Mg/Fl/Mn 2) vitamins: a,c,d,b12 3) hormones: insulin like growth factors(IGFs), thyroid hormones, insulin, sex hormones 4) exercise 5) aging: Less sex hormone
57
How does vitamin A affect bone growth
Stimulates osteoblast
58
How does vitamin C affect bone growth
Synthesis of collagen
59
How does vitamin D affect bone growth
Increase absorption of Ca=bone growth
60
How does vitamin K/B12 affect bone growth
Synthesis of bone proteins
61
How does insulin like growth hormones affect bone growth
Produced by liver/bone tissue, stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at epiphyseal plate/periosteum, enhance syntheses of protein
62
How does thyroid hormones affect bone growth
T3/t4 stimulate osteoblasts
63
How does insulin affect bone growth
Increase synthesis of bone proteins
64
How do sex hormones affect bone growth
Increase osteoblasts activity, synthesis of bone ECM, growth spurt, shut down growth at epiphyseal plate slow resorption
65
Parathyroid hormone
PTH Increases blood ca2+ level, decrease loss in urine, stimulates formation of calcitriol
66
Calcitonin
CT Inhibits acidic of osteoclasts, speeds blood Ca2+ uptake by bone/accelerates deposition (Promotes bone formation/lowers blood Ca2+)

Biol235 Quiz 2 (5 decks)

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