Chapter 7

Question 0

Confidence and expectancy:

Answer 0

A generalized sense of confidence about the future, characterized by a broad expectancy that outcomes are likely to be positive.
Boniwell

Question 1

Optimism def:

Answer 1

Psychology defines optimism using 2 broad terms:
Confidence/expectancy
Explanatory style

Question 2

Expectancy value models of motivation:

Answer 2

1: behavior is organized around pursuit of goals:
•the more important the goal, the greater the value, the more motivation to act.
•expectancy=a sense of confidence/doubt about the attainability of the goal value.

Question 3

Explanatory Style:

Answer 3

Your style for explaining adversity.
Habitual and Automatic
Solidified by late childhood.
Acts as filters(Filters in what fits, filters out what contradicts)
Can run along 3 dimensions: Permanence, Pervasiveness, Personalization

Question 4

3 Dimensions of Explanatory Style:

Answer 4

Permanence, Pervasiveness, Personalization

Question 5

Permanence:

Answer 5

How one explains the extent of the cause: Stable vs. Temporary

Question 6

Pervasiveness:

Answer 6

How one explains the extent of the effects: Specific vs Global

Question 7

Personalization:

Answer 7

How one explains where the cause of the event arises: Internal vs. External

Question 8

Learned Optimism:

Answer 8

Characteristic use of a flexible explanatory style in which one has learned to make external, variable, specific attributions for ones failure.
Done by consciously challenging any negative self-talk.