Chapter 7 Flashcards
Anatomy
the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other (how the body is made)
Physiology
refers to the function of the living body and its parts (how the body works)
Lateral Recumbent Position
The patient is lying on his left or right side. Be sure to place the patient on the side so that you can easily monitor the airway. Also, be careful not to allow excessive pressure on the chest that might impair the breathing status of the patient.
Fowlers Position
the patient is lying on his back with his upper body elevated at a 45° to 60° angle.
Semi Fowlers Position
patient is lying on his back with the upper body elevated at an angle less than 45°
Trendelenburg Position
The patient is lying on his back with the legs elevated higher than the head and body on an inclined plane (head down, legs up).
Sagittal Plane
plane that runs lengthwise and divides the body into right and left segments. The segments do not have to be equal
Frontal/coronal Plane
plane that divides the body into front and back halves.
Transverse plane
plane that is parallel with the ground and divides the body into upper and lower halves
Midaxillary Line
an imaginary line vertically from the middle of the patient’s armpit down to the ankle
midline
imaginary line that divides the body into the left and right
Transverse Line
an imaginary line horizontally through the patient’s waist
midclavicular
refers to the center of each of the collarbones (clavicle)
Midaxillary
refers to the center of the armpit (axilla)
plantar
sole of the foot
palmar
palm of the hand
RUQ
Liver (majority)
Right Kidney
Colon
Pancreas (small portion)
Gallbladder
Small intestines
LUQ
Liver (small Portion)
Spleen
Left Kidney
Stomach
Colon
Pancreas
Small Intestines
RLQ
Colon
Small Intestines
Right Ureter
Appendix
Right Ovary
Right Fallopian Tube
LLQ
Colon
Small Intestines
Left Ureter
Left Ovary
Left Fallopian Tube
Midline (abdominal Quadrants)
Bladder
uterus/prostate
Cervical Spine
C1-C7(neck)
most prone to injury
Thoracic Spine
T1-T12(upper back)
How are the ribs attached
T1-T7 ribs attached to the sternum
T8-T10 ribs attached by cartilage
T11-T12 Floating ribs
Lumbar Spine
L1-L5 (low back)
Sacral Spine
S1–S5 (back wall of the pelvis)
Coccyx
C1-C4 (fused together to form tailbone)
Total number of vertebrae in the body
33
Sternum
breast bone
iliac Crest
form the “wings” of the pelvis
Pubis
anterior and inferior portion of the pelvis
Ischium
the posterior and inferior portion of the pelvis
acetabelum
pelvic socket that the femur fits into.
ball and socket joint
type of joint permits the widest range of motion—flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Examples: joints at the shoulders and hips
hinged joint
joints (such as those in the elbow, knee, and finger) permit flexion and extension.
pivot joint
allows for a turning motion; it includes the joints between the head and neck at the first and second cervical vertebrae and those in the wrist.
gliding joint
where one bone slides across another to the point where surrounding structures restrict the motion. Gliding joints connect the small bones in the hands and the feet.
saddle joint
This joint is shaped to permit combinations of limited movements along perpendicular planes. For example, the ankle allows the foot to turn inward slightly as it moves up and down.
condyloid joint
modified ball-and-socket joint that permits limited motion in two directions. In the wrist, for example, it allows the hand to move up and down and side to side, but not to rotate completely.
skeletal muscle
can be contracted and relaxed by will of the individual. This type of muscle makes possible all deliberate movement, such as walking, chewing, swallowing, smiling, frowning, talking, or moving the eyeballs
smooth muscle
made up of large fibers that carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body
cardiac muscle
a special kind of involuntary muscle particularly suited for the work of the heart. It has the property of automaticity
automaticity
can generate an impulse on its own, even when disconnected from the central nervous system
respiration
the process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide across membranes, in and out of the alveoli, capillaries, and cells
oxygenation
oxygen molecules move across a membrane from an area of high oxygen concentration to an area of low oxygen concentration.
ventilation
the mechanical process by which air is moved in and out of the lungs
Upper airway
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
hypopharynx
larynx
lower airway
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
epiglottis
a flexible cartilage, is attached to the thyroid cartilage and extends superiorly toward the tongue to form a flap. When swallowing occurs, the larynx moves upward and the epiglottis tips posteriorly until it covers the opening into the larynx
Children anatomical differences (respiratory system)
smaller nose and mouth
tongue takes up more space
narrower trachea
more easily obstructed airway
cricoid cartilage is not fully developed
Inhalation
Muscles Contract, Lungs Expand, Negative pressure in Thoracic Cavity
Exhalation
Muscles Relax, Lungs Retract, Positive pressure in Thoracic Cavity
Inhalation muscles
Diaphragm, SCM, Scalenses, Pec Minor
Exhalation muscles
abdominal muscles/intercostals
Phrenic nerve
located in c3-c5, responsible for the diaphragm
Inadequate breathing
Rates that are either too slow or too fast as compared to what is normal for the patient
Irregular pattern of breathing resulting from an illness or injury
Diminished or absent breath sounds, indicating an inadequate volume of air being breathed in and out
Unequal chest expansion, indicating a chest wall injury that could reduce the tidal volume
Inadequate chest expansion, indicating a poor volume of air being breathed in (referred to as shallow breathing)
Pale or bluish mucous membranes or skin that may also be cool and clammy, indicating poor oxygen exchange (respiration and oxygenation)
Use of accessory muscles, identified by retractions above the clavicles, between the ribs, and below the rib cage and use of the muscles in the neck during breathing, especially among infants and children, indicating an increased work effort to breathe
Nasal flaring, especially in children, indicating an increased work effort to breathe
“Seesaw” breathing in infants (the chest and abdomen move in opposite directions)
Head bobbing, where the head bobs upward on inhalation and downward toward the chest on exhalation, indicating severe respiratory fatigue
Agonal respirations (occasional gasping breaths) that may be seen just before death
Grunting, especially in newborns, heard at the end of inspiration or the beginning of exhalation
Circulatory System functions
Providing a medium for perfusion of cells with oxygen and other nutrients and removal from the cells of carbon dioxide and other waste products
Transporting blood to cells and the alveoli for gas exchange
Serving as a reservoir to house blood
Serving as a medium for buffering the body’s acid–base balance
Providing a mechanism to deliver immune cells and other substances to fight infection
Containing substances that promote clotting
Pericardium
double-walled sac that encloses the heart, gives support, and prevents friction as the heart moves within this protective sac
Atria
2 upper chambers of the heart
Ventricles
2 lower chambers of the heart
Tricuspid valve
R atrium to R ventricle
Pulmonary valve
R ventricle to Pulmonary artery
Mitral Valve
L atrium to L ventricle
Aortic Valve
L ventricle to Aorta
Heart electrical conduction
SA Node, AV node, Bundle of His, Perkinje Fibers
Coronary Artery
Vessel that supplies the heart itself with blood
carotid artery
(one on each side of the neck) supply the brain and head with blood
Femoral Artery
major artery of the thigh and supplies the groin and leg with blood.
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
an artery in the foot, can be felt on the top surface of the foot on the big-toe side
Posterior tibialis artery
travels from the calf to the foot. Pulsations of this artery can be felt posterior to the medial malleolus
Brachial Artery
major artery of the upper arm. Its pulsations can be felt at the front of the elbow (antecubital region) and on the medial arm midway between the shoulder and elbow
Radial Artery
artery is the major artery of the arm distal to the elbow joint. Its pulsations can be felt proximal to the thumb on the wrist.
Pulmonary Artery
originate at the right ventricle of the heart, carry oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs, where the blood is oxygenated and returned to the heart for circulation throughout the body
Venae Cavae
carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the right atrium, where it begins circulation through the heart and lungs
Pulmonary Vein
carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Plasma
carries blood cells and transports nutrients to all tissues. Transports waste products to organs where they can be excreted from the body. A minute amount of oxygen is dissolved in plasma and transported throughout the body. A larger amount of carbon dioxide is carried by the plasma to the lungs for elimination.
platelets
essential to the formation of blood clots, necessary to stop bleeding.
red blood cell
give the blood its color, carry oxygen to the body cells, and carry carbon dioxide away from the cells. Hemoglobin, located in the cytosol inside the red blood cell is responsible for carrying oxygen molecules and carbon dioxide.
white blood cell
fight infection
systolic bp
exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle contracts.
diastolic BP
exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle is at rest, or between contractions
hydrostatic pressure
force exerted on the inside of the vessel walls because of the blood pressure and volume; may cause the blood in the capillaries to force fluid through the capillary wall.
Perfusion
delivery of oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients to the cells of all organ systems and the elimination of carbon dioxide and other waste products that result from the constant adequate circulation of blood through the capillaries
hypoperfusion
insufficient supply of oxygen and other nutrients to some of the body’s cells and the inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide and other wastes that result from inadequate circulation of blood.
Sympathetic Nervous System
pupils dilate
bronchioles dilate
hr increases
blood vessels constrict
adrenaline secreted
parasympathetic nervous system
Pupils constrict
bronchioles constrict
hr decreases
blood vessels dilate
pineal gland
small gland located superior and posterior to the thalamus. The pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin, which inhibits the functions of the reproductive system.
thyroid gland
in the anterior neck, regulates metabolism, growth and development, and the activity of the nervous system.
parathyroid gland
behind the thyroid, produce a hormone necessary for the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the bones.
adrenal gland
sit atop the kidneys, secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, postpone muscle fatigue, increase the storage of sugar, control kidney function, and regulate the metabolism of salt and water.
islets of langerhans
in the pancreas, make insulin, which allows glucose (sugar) to enter cells and produce glucagon, a hormone that raises the glucose level in the blood.
pituitary gland
base of the brain, is the “master gland.” It regulates growth, the thyroid and parathyroid glands, the pancreas, the gonads, metabolism of fatty acids and some basic proteins, blood sugar reactions, and urinary excretion.
thymus gland
in the neck superior to the heart, secretes the hormone thymosin. Thymosin influences the development and maturation of the immune system.
alpha 1
cause vasoconstriction, stimulates sweat release
alpha 2
regulate the release of alpha1.
beta 1
increase the heart rate, increase the force of cardiac contraction, and speed up the electrical impulse traveling down the heart’s conduction system
beta 2
effects cause smooth muscle to dilate, especially in the bronchioles and in some vessels.
epinephrine
has all four properties (alpha1, alpha2, beta1, and beta2)
Norepinephrine
causes primarily alpha1 and alpha2 effects plus trace amounts of beta1 and beta2 activity
skin layers out to in
Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
Stomach
hollow organ
breaks down food,
LUQ
Pancreas
Solid Organ,
secretes pancreatic juices that aid in the digestion of fats, starches, and proteins. The islets of Langerhans, located in the pancreas, produce the insulin that regulates the amount of sugar in the bloodstream.
LUQ
Liver
Solid Organ
produces bile, which aids in the digestion of fat. It stores sugars until they are needed by the body. It also produces components necessary for immune function, blood clotting, and the production of plasma.
RUQ
Spleen
Solid Organ
helps in the filtration of blood and, because it contains a dense network of blood vessels, serves as a reservoir of blood the body can use in an emergency such as hemorrhage.
LUQ
Gallbladder
Hollow Organ
Part of the bile duct leading from the liver, the gallbladder acts as a reservoir for bile.
RUQ
small intestine
hollow organ
made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It receives food from the stomach and secretions from the pancreas and liver. Digestion of food continues in the small intestine, where food is completely broken down into a form that can be used by the body.
Large Intestine/colon
Hollow Organ
parts of food that cannot be absorbed by the body are passed as waste products from the small intestine to the large intestine. As these waste products move through the large intestine, their water is absorbed.
Kidneys
Solid Organ
filter waste from the bloodstream and help control fluid balance
RUQ/LUQ
Ureters
carry the wastes from the kidneys to the bladder
urinary bladder
stores the urine prior to excretion
urethra
carries the urine from the bladder out of the body
