Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are out-groups?
Groups the people do not belong to
What are in-groups?
Groups that people belong to
What are the two things membership is based on?
Reciprocity and Transitivity
What is Group Membership
The sense of belonging to a group (in-group) or not belonging to a group (out-group). People tend to prefer social connections and form groups that can be advantageous.
Reciprocity
The principle of reciprocity suggests that people tend to respond in kind to others. It means that if one person helps another, the other person feels obligated to return the favor.
Transitivity
A concept related to balance theory that suggests that if person A has a positive relationship with person B, and person B has a positive relationship with person C, then person A should also have a positive relationship with person C.
Prejudice
An attitude or negative belief about an entire group of people based on their membership in that group. Prejudice can lead to discrimination, where individuals behave negatively towards members of the group based on their prejudice.
Discrimination
Behaviors that result from prejudice, such as treating people unfairly based on their membership in a particular group.
Out-group homogeneity bias
A tendency to perceive individuals who belong to an out-group as being more similar to each other than members of one’s own in-group.
In-group favoritism
A tendency to show preference for members of one’s own in-group and to discriminate against members of out-groups.
Realistic Conflict Theory
A theory that suggests that competition between groups for limited resources leads to prejudice and discrimination.
Social Identity Theory
A theory that suggests that people derive part of their self-concept from the groups they belong to and that prejudice stems from a need to enhance self-esteem.
Stereotype
A cognitive schema or generalization about a group of people based on their membership in that group.
Subtyping
A cognitive process where people explain away members of an out-group who do not fit the stereotype by creating a subcategory for them.
Implicit Bias Test
A test that measures attitudes or stereotypes that operate unconsciously.
Shooter Bias Effect
A phenomenon where participants are more likely to shoot an unarmed Black person than an unarmed White person, indicating a potential racial bias.
Stereotype Threat
The experience of anxiety or concern in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their group.
Attribution
The process of making judgments about the causes of behavior and outcomes.
Personal Attribution
An attribution that attributes behavior to a person’s internal characteristics.
Situational Attribution
An attribution that attributes behavior to external factors, such as the environment or circumstances.
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to overestimate the role of personal factors and underestimate the role of situational factors in explaining behavior.
Nonverbal Behavior
Communication without words, including facial expressions, gestures, and body language.
Affiliation
The desire to be connected to others in social relationships.
Social Comparison
The process of comparing oneself to others in order to evaluate one’s own abilities, opinions, or emotions.
Initial Attraction
The process of forming an impression of someone that leads to a desire to approach or avoid them.
Mere Exposure Effect
A phenomenon where people tend to develop a preference for things simply because they are familiar with them.
Physical Attraction
The degree to which people find others’ physical appearance appealing.
Triangular Theory of Love
A theory that defines love as having three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Consummate love is defined as the presence of all three components, while empty love is defined as the presence of only commitment.
Social Loafing
The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone, often due to a diffusion of responsibility and feeling less accountable for individual contributions.
Group Polarization
The phenomenon where the opinions and attitudes of a group become more extreme after discussion, even if individual members held more moderate views before the discussion.
Groupthink
A mode of thinking that occurs when a group of people prioritize group consensus over individual critical thinking and creativity, often leading to poor decision-making.
Conformity
Adjusting behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs to align with a group standard. This can occur due to informational social influence (the desire to be correct) or normative social influence (the desire to fit in).
Obedience
Compliance with an authority figure’s orders or requests, often leading to actions that go against personal beliefs or values.
Compliance Techniques
Strategies used to influence people to comply with a request, such as the norm of reciprocity, the foot-in-the-door technique (small request leading to a larger request), and the door-in-the-face technique (large request leading to a smaller request).
Attitudes
Positive or negative evaluative reactions to a person, event, idea, or concept, which can influence behavior. Attitudes are formed through experience, socialization, and self-perception.
Cognitive Dissonance
The discomfort or mental stress caused by holding two or more contradictory beliefs or values. This can be resolved by changing beliefs or behavior to align with each other.
Persuasion
The process of attempting to change someone’s attitudes or behaviors through communication, which includes a message, a communicator, and an audience.
Social Influence
The effects of the presence or actions of others on our behavior, attitudes, or beliefs. This can include conformity, obedience, or persuasion.
Eusocial
A term used to describe social species, such as bees and ants, that live in large groups, exhibit cooperative care, and have multiple generations and division of labor.
Aggression
Any behavior that is intended to harm another person. Aggression can be influenced by environmental factors, such as frustration, negative emotions, and crowding, as well as genetic and cultural factors.
Prosocial Behavior
Actions that benefit others or society, such as volunteering or donating to charity. Prosocial behavior can be influenced by social learning, cultural norms, and personal characteristics such as empathy and a sense of social responsibility.
Informational social influence
The desire to be correct
Normative social influence
The desire to fit in
Which neurotransmitter is involved when you are very angry?
Serotonin
Romantic love
Intimacy + passion
Companionate love
Caring, commitment, supporting
Passionate love
Intense, sexual
