Chapter 7 Flashcards
What is compact bone?
rigid connective bone tissue that appears white, smooth, and solid and makes up 80% of total bone mass
what is spongy bone?
cancellous or trabecular bone that appears porous and makes up 20 % of bone mass
compare the appearance of spongy and compact bone
Spongy is honeycomb-like, compact bone is solid
Name the two types of cartilage found most prevalently in bones
hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
Define ligaments
dense regular connective tissue that anchors bone to bone
define tendons
dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
what are the differences between ligaments and tendons?
tendon serves to move and ligaments help to keep structures stable
what is the term that describes blood cell formation?
Hematopoiesis
what are the 4 functions of bone?
Support and Protection
Levers for movement
Hematopoiesis
Storage of mineral and energy reserves
What are the four different bone shapes?
Long, flat, irregular, short
what is the function and location of hyaline cartilage?
helps bone move smoothly past each other.
can be found as
costal cartilage (attaches ribs to sternum)
articular cartilage( covers ends of bones)
epiphyseal plates (cartilage within growth plates)
what is the function and location of fibrocartilage?
resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, and limits relative movement
pads between knee joints, pubic bones, and intervertebral discs
what bone shape are your vertebrae?
irregular bone
what bone shape are your ribs?
flat
what bone shape are your skull bones?
flat
what bone shape are your tarsal bones?
short
what bone shape is your tibia?
long
define diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone that provides leverage and major weight support
define epiphysis
expanded, knobby region at each end of a long bone that resists stress (spongy bone)
helps reduce friction (articular cartilage)
and absorb shock in movable joints (articular cartilage)
what is the difference between proximal and distal epiphysis
proximal is the end of the bone closest to the body trunk and distal is the end farthest from the trunk
what are the 3 functions of the epiphysis?
resists stress (spongy bone)
helps reduce friction (articular cartilage)
absorbs shock in movable joints (articular cartilage)
what are the epiphysis made of?
proximal epiphysis
distal epiphysis
spongy bone
articular cartilage
compact bone
what is the region where bone widens and transfers weight between the diaphysis and epiphysis?
metaphysis
what is the epiphyseal plate?
growth plate
a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that provides for the lengthening growth of the bone
what is the epiphyseal line? do children have these? why or why not?
once a bone is done growing, the remnant of the epiphyseal plate in adults is a thin, defined area of compact bone
what is the periosteum and what are the three functions?
a tough sheath that covers the outside of the bone except for the areas covered in articular cartilage
protects the bone
anchors blood vessels and nerves
serves as attachment site for ligaments and tendons
what is endosteum?
very thin layer of connective tissue containing osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity
what and where is the diploe?
spongy bone interior of a flat bone of the skull
Is bone highly vascular and innervated?
YES
what is the nutrient foramen?
small opening in the bone where one nutrient artery enters and one nutrient vein exits
what are the two types of bone marrow? which one is only found in adults?
red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) and yellow bone marrow
yellow bone marrow
describe a bone marrow transplant. why would one need a bone marrow transplant?
someone who has abnormally functioning red bone marrow or RBM destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy will need a donor RBM harvested from the hip which is then injected into recipients vein where it is transported through the blood to normal locations
what is the hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis?
the medullary cavity
What is the function of a osteoprogenitor cell?
the stem cell, when divided, another stem cell is produced along with a committed cell that matures into an osteoblast
what is the function of osteoblasts?
synthesizing and secreting osteoid
what is the function of osteocytes?
maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone, signal osteoblasts if stress is detected
what is the function of osteoclasts?
break down bone in bone resorption
name the most important inorganic component in the bone matrix and describe what it is commonly called. what is the function?
calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide form crystals of hydroxyapatite.
harden the matrix and provides compressional strength to bone
what is calcification?
mineralization, occurs to osteoid when hydroxyapatite deposit in and around the collagen fibers
what two vitamins are important to calcification?
Vitamin D (enhances calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract)
Vitamin C ( required for collagen formation)
what is bone resorption and when does it occur in the body?
process where bone matrix is destroyed by substances released from osteoclasts into the extracellular space adjacent to the bone
usually happens when blood calcium levels are low
what are the symptoms and which bones are often affected in osteitis deformans?
symptoms- lower limbs bow and skull becomes thicker and enlarged
bones affected are pelvis, skull, vertebrae, femur, and tibia
what the basic unit of mature compact bone that has a round, bull’s eye target appearance?
osteons
what is trabeculae and what is the function?
a meshwork of crisscrossing bars and plates of small bone pieces. function is to provide great resistance to stresses applied in many directions by distributing the stress throughout the entire framework
what is the microscopic function of hyaline cartilage in bone?
resilient, flexible and shock absorber
name 2 features of hyaline cartilage in bone
avascular and contains no nerves
what are chondroblasts and what are their function?
derived from mesenchymal cells, they produce the cartilage matrix. chondroblasts encased in the matrix they created, the cells become chondrocytes
what are chondrocytes and what are their function?
from chondroblasts, occupy lacunae and help maintain matrix
what is the perichondrium?
dense irregular connective tissue sheet covering hyaline cartilage
how are perichondrium and hyaline cartilage related?
perichondrium covers hyaline cartilage except for avascular cartilage
cartilage that grows in length is known as ________ growth
cartilage that grows in width is known as ________ growth
define osteogenesis. what is another name for it?
what is Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2?
hydrocyapatite
