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Tissue/Integumentary System > Chapter 6 Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

The cutaneous membrane in the integumentary system makes up what?

A

integument skin

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2
Q

describe epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

A

epidermis- consists of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with layers
dermis- composed of CT proper and contains two layers
hypodermis- subcutaneous layer that is not part of integument

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3
Q

what are the layers of the Epidermis?

A

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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4
Q

what three cell types are in the stratum basale layer of the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells

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5
Q

describe keratinocytes

A

large stem cells in basale layer that synthesizes keratin

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6
Q

describe melanocytes

A

found in stratum basale and produces, stores pigment and transfers melanosomes

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7
Q

describe tactile cells

A

merkel cells are sensitive to touch and when compressed, release chemicals, stimulate sensory nerve endings

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8
Q

describe stratum spinosum

A

several layers of polygonal keratinocytes when new cells pushed into this layer by stratum basale

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9
Q

what are nondividing keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum attached by?

A

desmosomes

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10
Q

what are epidermal dendritic cells

A

Langerhans cells found in stratum spinosum and granulosum that initiates immune response

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11
Q

describe stratum granulosum

A

3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes where they begin keratinization

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12
Q

what is keratinization?

A

when keratinocytes fill with keratin and the nucleus disintegrate, dead cells

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13
Q

Describe Stratum lucidum

A

translucent layer found only on thick skin on palms and soles and cells filled with eleidin

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14
Q

describe stratum corneum

A

composed of 20 to 30 layers of dead, interlocking, anucleate, keratinized cells that protects skin from abrasion

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15
Q

describe hemoglobin

A

oxygen-binding protein in red blood cells

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16
Q

describe melanin

A

dark pigment produced in melanocytes, transferred to keratinocytes. contains Eumelanin (brown and black shades) and Pheomelanin (tan, yellow, red)

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17
Q

Describe Carotene

A

yellow-orange pigment from vegetables

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18
Q

describe nevus and freckles

A

nevus is an overgrowth of melanocytes
freckles is increased melanocyte activity

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19
Q

describe hemangiomas and friction ridges

A

hemangiomas is a skin discoloration due to benign blood vessel tumor
friction ridges are large folds and valleys of dermis and epidermis (fingerprints)

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20
Q

what the three types of radiation does the sun generate?

A

UVA, UVB, UVC

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21
Q

which two radiations need SPF (sun protection factor)

A

UVA and UVB

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22
Q

describe Dermis

A

composed of CT proper and contains papillary and reticular layers

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23
Q

describe the papillary layer of the dermis

A

areolar connective tissue that contains dermal papillae which interlocks with epidermal ridges to increase area of contact between layers

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24
Q

describe the reticular layer of the dermis

A

deeper, major portion of dermis that is dense irregular connective tissue

25
Q

orientation of bundles of collagen and elastic fibers are indicated by what?

A

lines of cleavage

26
Q

what is another word for stretch marks?

A

striae

27
Q

what is the function of the subcutaneous layer?

A

protection, energy storage, and insulation

28
Q

what are the functions of the integument?

A

protection from external environments
prevention of water loss/gain
vitamin D synthesis- formation of vitamin D3, a precursor to calcitriol
secretion- sweat
absorption
immune function
temperature regulation-dermal blood vessels capable of vasoconstriction to conserve heat or vasodilation to release heat
sensory reception

29
Q

what is the structure of nails?

A

distal whitish free edge, pinkish nail body, nail root, and nail bed, nail matrix (growing part), lunula (whitish semilunar area), eponychium (cuticle), hyponychium (thickened skin just below free nail edge)

30
Q

what is Onychomycosis and yellow nail syndrome?

A

onychomycosis is a fungal infection
yellow nail syndrome occurs when growth and thickening slows

31
Q

what is keratinized cells forming slender filament?

A

hair

32
Q

what are the three types of hair and describe them

A

lanugo- fine, unpigmented, downy hair
vellus- fine hair
terminal hair- coarser, pigmented, longer

33
Q

What are the three zones along length of hair?

A

hair bulb, root, and shaft

34
Q

what is hair papilla composed of?

A

Connective Tissue

35
Q

describe hair matrix

A

structure at base of hair bulb when epithelial cells divide

36
Q

describe Medulla

A

remnant of matrix this is flexible, soft keratin

37
Q

describe cortex

A

flattened cells closer to outer hair surface

38
Q

describe cuticle

A

single cell layer around cortex

39
Q

describe Hair follicle

A

has outer CT root sheath originating in dermis and inner epithelial tissue root sheath originating from epidermis

40
Q

describe arrector pili

A

thin ribbons of smooth muscle that elevate hair with contraction

41
Q

what is the function of hair

A

protection, heat retention, sensory reception, visual identification, hair color, hair growth and replacement

42
Q

what are the three phases of the hair growth cycle?

A

anagen- active phase
catagen- brief regression
telogen- resting phase

43
Q

What are a few hair medical conditions?

A

alopecia areata, diffuse hair loss, male pattern baldness, and hirsutism

44
Q

What are the two exocrine glands of the skin?

A

sweat glands and sebaceous glands

45
Q

describe the two types of sweat glands

A

merocrine- discharge into skin surface and produces secretion by exocytosis and secretes sweat; major role in thermoregulation
apocrine- discharge into hair follicles and produce odor when acted on by bacteria, starts producing secretions during puberty

46
Q

Describe sebaceous glands

A

holocrine glands that produce sebum and activated during puberty

47
Q

Describe Ceruminous glands

A

modified apocrine sweat glands located in external ear canal that secretes cerumen

48
Q

what two ways are tissue repaired?

A

regeneration and fibrosis

49
Q

describe fibrosis

A

gap filled with scar tissue which is collagen produced by fibroblasts

50
Q

what are the stages of wound healing?

A

cut
blood clot form and white blood cells take action
blood vessels re-grow and granulation tissue forms
epithelium regenerates and CT fibrosis occurs

51
Q

Describe psoriasis

A

skin disease when keratinocytes are attacked by T-lymphocytes which causes rapid overgrowth and patches of whitish, scaley skin form

52
Q

Describe first degree and second degree burns

A

first degree burns- only epidermis, slight pain
second degree burns-epidermis and part of dermis with blisters and scarring

53
Q

describe third degree burns

A

involve epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer that may need a skin graft

54
Q

At development week 7, ectoderm forms a layer of squamous epithelium that becomes what layer of the integument?

A

periderm and basal layer

55
Q

at development week 21, formation of stratum corneum and friction ridges produces what?

A

vernix caseosa

56
Q

at development week 11, dermis is derived from mesoderm and the mesoderm becomes what?

A

mesenchyme

57
Q

what develops at week 32?

A

fingernails and toenails

58
Q

what appears between 9 weeks and 12 weeks?

A

hair follicles and hair buds

59
Q

what appears on week 20?

A

sweat and sebaceous glands appear on palms, soles

Tissue/Integumentary System (4 decks)

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