chapter 7

Question 1

the production of food in the sea is not limited to photosynthesis; some is produced by bacteria using chemical energy to synthesize organic materials, not light energy

Answer 1

chemosynthesis

Question 2

creature that makes its own food

Answer 2

autotroph

Question 3

organisms that cannot make their own food, so they have to eat

Answer 3

heterotroph

Question 4

autotrophic organisms

Answer 4

primary producers

Question 5

the rate at which the autotrophic organisms produce the food at the base of the marine food chain

Answer 5

primary production

Question 6

a measure of how much food there is at any one time

Answer 6

biomass

Question 7

a diverse group of single celled organisms that includes microalgae, the single-celled algae, and many other taxa;

planktos = to drift in greek

plants and animals so small they drift back and forth with the currents

Answer 7

phytoplankton

Question 8

the larger forms of marine algae that include the kelps and seaweeds that most of us have seen

Answer 8

macroalgae

Question 9

photosynthesis equation

Answer 9

co2 + h20 + energy = ch2o + o2

Question 10

base formular for a carbohydrate

Answer 10

cho2 + o2

Question 11

c6 h12 o6

Answer 11

glucose

Question 12

c12 h22 o11

Answer 12

sucrose

Question 13

the reverse of photosynthesis: ch2o
+ o2 = co2
+h2o + energy

Answer 13

respiration

Question 14

the burning of food material

Answer 14

the oxidation of organic matter

Question 15

what happens at an approx. depth where 1 percent of the surface lights shines through?

Answer 15

relative nutrient concentration increases

Question 16

what is the approx. depth of 1 percent surface light called; just enough light for photosynthesis

Answer 16

the bottom of the euphotic zone

Question 17

place where consumption or uptake of nitrogen by phytoplankton happens

Answer 17

the surface

Question 18

where does regeneration in terms of the nitrogen cycle happen?

Answer 18

at deeper depths

Question 19

how much of the atmosphere does nitrogen make up?

Answer 19

78%

Question 20

symbol for nitrogen

Answer 20

n2

Question 21

first step of the nitrogen cycle

Answer 21

nitrogen dissolves across the air sea boundary

Question 22

2nd step in the nitrogen cycle that turns it into a usable form; done by nitrogen fixers; dissolves it into cellular components such as amino acids and proteins thus making particulate organic nitrogen PON

Answer 22

nitrogen fixation

Question 23

nitrogen fixers die or excrete a usable form of nitrogen

Answer 23

dissolved organic nitrogen DON

Question 24

dissolved inorganic nitrogen released by the fixers; ammonium

Answer 24

nh4

Question 25

the nh4 is oxidized by more bacteria as it heads towards the bottom; nh4 turns into nitrite no2- and then into nitrate no3-; occurs only in the dark and is relatively a slow process; it is done by adding oxygen to it

Answer 25

nitrification

Question 26

there is more nitrate in what ocean

Answer 26

pacific ocean

Question 27

there is more phosphate in which ocean

Answer 27

pacific ocean

Question 28

the atlantic ocean has more nitrate or phosphate

Answer 28

nitrate

Question 29

the indian ocean has more nitrate or phosphate

Answer 29

nitrate

Question 30

the pacific has more nitrate or phosphate

Answer 30

nitrate

Question 31

is there generally more nutrients at the surface or at depth

Answer 31

at the surface

Question 32

what happens when waters increase with age

Answer 32

the concentrations of nutrients increases

Question 33

blank limits phytoplankton growth in the ocean whereas blank limits growth elsewhere

Answer 33

nitrate phosphate

Question 34

light and warm water floating on top; would need vertical mixing if you wanted the nutrients to be everywhere

Answer 34

stratification

Question 35

amount of oxygen in the air

Answer 35

21%

Question 36

only one group of animals, blank, can utilize the nitrogen that is in the atmosphere and turn it into something useful

Answer 36

nitrogen fixers

Question 37

what has copper in it, a blueish tint and is considered blue green algae

Answer 37

phycocyanin

Question 38

pon

Answer 38

particulate organic nitrogen

Question 39

what bacteria takes up the nitrate after the nitrification process

Answer 39

benthic bacteria

Question 40

some bacteria at the bottom of the ocean converts the nitrate back into molecular nitrogen that rises as gas and starts the process all over again

Answer 40

sediment denitrification

Question 41

when cold dense water pushes hot light water up to the surface

Answer 41

overturn

Question 42

the global surface wind fields for the northern hemisphere show little change in the winds over the course of a year except for the northwest portion of the indian ocean which reverses with the change of season resulting in monsoons and ekman blank

Answer 42

upwelling

Question 43

primary production is more active near blank

Answer 43

continental coastlines and upwelling zones

Question 44

what method is used to trace plant productivity

Answer 44

c14

Question 45

gyre zones and stratified water are nutrient blank

Answer 45

depleted

Question 46

open oceans are considered blank production areas

Answer 46

low

Question 47

where there are higher levels of chlorophyll there are greater levels of

Answer 47

phytoplankton biomass

Question 48

deep vertical mixing in winter at high latitudes; when the seasons and temperatures change, the surface water gets colder and dense and therefore sinks. the sinking mixes the water layers which then makes deep nutrient rich waters mix upwards towards the surface

Answer 48

winter convective mixing

Question 49

with the seasonal development of the thermocline in a temperate to high latitude sea, the thermocline gradually becomes blank

Answer 49

shallower