Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 311 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

This is the process of converting the DNA into mRNA and then into amino acids which build up the proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is chromatin?

A

This is a region of DNA that includes its associated proteins that make up the eukaryotic chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

These are the basic unit of eukaryotic chromosomes stucture that are composed of DNA and histone proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a histone protein?

A

These are proteins that the double helix DNA are wound around which act as structural proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 requirements of determining the DNA model?

A

1.) Must allow for accurate replication
2.) Must contain information to encode for proteins
3.) Must be able to change to leave room for mutations
=> Had to be stable and reliable but leave some room for
either mutations or different alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 basic building blocks of DNA?

A

1.) Phosphate
2.) Deoxyribose sugars
3.) Nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

This is a single unit of DNA that contains the phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and the nitrogenous base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

This is a unit that contains a deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous base, however, it lacks a phosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are purines?

A

These are the nitrogenous bases that have a double ringed structure which are the adenine and guanine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

These are the nitrogenous bases that have a single ringed structure which are the thymine, cytosine, and uracil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How would you name a nucleotide with an adenine and a phosphate on the 5’ carbon?

A

Deoxyadenosine 5’-monophosphate (dCMP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 elements of Chargoff’s rule?

A

A.) The amount of purine nucleotides will be equal to the number of pyrimidine nucleotides.
B.) The amount of A = T and the amount of C = G.
C.) However the amount of A + T may not equal the amount of C + G.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did we learn from X-ray diffraction?

A
  • There are 2 strands to a DNA molecule
  • These 2 strands are parallel and similar to each other in structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the complementary base pairs?

A

A - T
C - G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is on a 2’ carbon of the deoxyribose sugar?

A

H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is on the 3’ carbon of the deoxyribose sugar?

A

OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is on the 5’ carbon of the deoxyribose sugar?

A

PO4-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the phosphodiester linkage?

A

This is the backbone that was built up from the 3’ carbon to the 5’ carbon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the antiparallel nature of DNA?

A

There is one strand that travels from 5’ to 3’ and the other from 3’ to 5’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are nitrogenous bases held together?

A

There are 3 hydrogen bonds between C - G [More stable than a DNA molecule with more A-T]
There are 2 hydrogen bonds between A - T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a semiconservative model?

A

This model is semiconservative because the DNA molecule possesses a new or daughter strand and the second strand is the parental or template strand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is DNA replication synthesized?

A

The primary enzyme that operates the DNA replication is through DNA polymerase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is energy generated to continue DNA synthesis?

A

Pyrophosphates are cleaved off to produce energy to help drive DNA synthesis - these are 2 phosphates from the triphosphate version of the nucleoside.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does the base pairs impact stability?

A

When the base pairs are stacked one on top of the other the double helix increases in stability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are dNTPs?

A

These are deoxyribunucleoside triphosphates that have 3 phosphates and 2 are lost for energy generation.

26
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

In the (S) phase and during this phase the cell goes from a 2n -> 4n and the sister chromatids are synthesized.

27
Q

How do eukaryotes replicate their many chromosomes quickly?

A

Eukaryotes are able to do so by having many replication of origin.

28
Q

The replication of origins have specific DNA sequences why would the sequence for some be A-T rich?

A

This allows the DNA strands to separate easily in contrast to C-G which has 3 hydrogen bonds it has 2 hydrogen bonds.

29
Q

What is a gyrase?

A

This is a type of topoisomerase which removes the supercoils as the DNA is unwound by relaxing the DNA and then rejoins the DNA together.

30
Q

What is the SSB?

A

This is the single stranded binding protein which stabalizes the single stranded DNA as it is unwound.

31
Q

What is DNA helicase?

A

This enzyme separates the DNA strands and disrupts the hydrogen bonding.

32
Q

What is DNA polymerase III?

A

It is an enzyme that can catalyze DNA synthesis however it cannot start a chain but it can extend the chain from the 3’ end.

33
Q

What is the difference between the continuous and discontinuous strand relative to the replication fork?

A

The continuous strand is synthesized towards the replication fork. The discontinuous strand is synthesized away from the replication fork.

34
Q

What is the leading strand?

A

This is the DNA strand that is synthesized continuously from 3’ to 5’.

35
Q

What is the lagging strand?

A

This is the DNA strand that is synthesized discontinuously from 3’ to 5’ however the strand is 5’ to 3’ so there needs to be RNA primers so then DNA polymerase III can add the nucleotides in the 3’ end.

36
Q

What makes the RNA primers?

A

Primase

37
Q

What removes the RNA primers?

A

DNA polymerase I

38
Q

What are the fragments with the RNA and the DNA segment called?

A

Okazaki fragments

39
Q

What happens at the end to the lagging strand?

A

The ligase joins the fragments together.

40
Q

What is a telomere?

A

This is the region at the end of the linear chromosome.

41
Q

What is the problem at the end of the chromosome?

A

When the RNA primer at the 5’ end of the chromosome then each time replication occurs the amount getting replicated will shrink until the chromosome is entirely lost.

42
Q

How is the cell end problem solved?

A

Telomerase is an enzyme that adds short repeats to the 3’ end of the daughter strand or the 5’ end of the parental strand.

43
Q

Do prokaryotes have telomeres?

A

No - because their DNA is circular not linear.

44
Q

How much of the human genome is protein coding?

A

1-2% and the remainder of the genome is used to synthesize regulatory and functional components.

45
Q

Is only the protein coding region transcribed?

A

No - there are also 5’ and 3’ UTRs and introns.

46
Q

What is a UTR?

A

These are untranslated regions that have regulatory roles.

47
Q

What is an exon?

A

This includes the mature RNA that will be translated into proteins.

48
Q

What are introns?

A

These are noncoding or nontranslated regions that are not included in the mature RNA these are spliced out for a more efficient process. The prokaryotes lack introns altogether.

49
Q

What is the upstream?

A

These are 5’ regions that are (-).

50
Q

What is the downstream?

A

These are the 3’ regions that are (+).

51
Q

What is the transcription start site?

A

This is the first base that is transcribed and it is denoted by a +1 and each base that is transcribed after is +2, +3 …

52
Q

What is a promoter?

A

This is a DNA sequence where the RNA polymerase binds.

53
Q

What is the directionality of the DNA being read and the mRNA being made?

A

DNA is read from the 3’ to 5’ and the mRNA is made in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

54
Q

What is the sense/coding/nontemplate strand?

A

This is the strand that is identical to the mRNA strand that is made with the exception of uracil instead of thymine.

55
Q

What is uracil?

A

This is a pyrimidine base that is only part of RNA.

56
Q

What is the antisense/noncoding/template strand?

A

This strand is used to build the complementary mRNA strand it is read from 3’ to 5’ and synthesized from 5’ to 3’.

57
Q

Would the nucleotides in the promoter be positive or negative?

A

They would be negative because they are upstream of the start site.

58
Q

What is TATTA Box?

A

This is the TATTA DNA sequence that acts as the promoter and then it is used to bind the RNA polymerase to it so transcription can occur.

59
Q

Can transcription occur with the top or the bottom strand or only the top or bottom?

A

Transcription can occur from both strands as the template.

60
Q

What are the 3 primary differences between RNA and DNA?

A

1.) Uracil instead of thymine
2.) RNA has a ribose sugar
3.) RNA have a 2’ carbon that has OH and DNA has an H at the 2’ carbon

BIOL 311 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions