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BIOL 311 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 differences between eukaryote and prokaryote transcription?

A

1.) More genes that are far apart
2.) 3 RNA polymerase types
3.) Transcription happens in the nucleus
4.) DNA is packaged into chromatin

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2
Q

What do general transcription factors do?

A

They bind sequences in the promoter.

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3
Q

What is the preinitiation complex?

A

Complex RNA pol II and general transcription factors.

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4
Q

What is mRNA capping?

A

Adding methylated guanine on the 5’ end of the mRNA to protect decay from exonuclease.

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5
Q

What is mRNA polyadenylation?

A

Conserved sequences in the 3’ UTR signal for cleavage of RNA from RNA pol II and additional of the poly-A taile protects from decay.

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6
Q

How are different proteins encoded by splicing?

A

Cutting introns out or leaving them in certain areas of the genes therefore the proteins made are varied.

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7
Q

What is the difference between transcription factors and coregulators?

A

Coregulators cannot bind to DNA directly but transcription factors can.

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8
Q

Transcription factors and coregulators can either be?

A

Repressors or activators

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9
Q

What is the core promoter?

A

A region surrounding the transcription start site where the transcription factor binds.

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10
Q

What are coregulators?

A

These are factors that can bridge the interaction between transcription factors and RNA pol II.

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11
Q

What are the 2 required elements for transcription?

A

1.) DNA binding domain
2.) Activation/repression domain

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12
Q

What are the 2 optional elements for transcription?

A

1.) Dimerization domain
2.) Ligand binding domain

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13
Q

In the absence of glucose other than lactose what carbon source can be used as energy?

A

Galactose

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14
Q

Which enzymes are used to import and metabolize galactose?

A

Gal2
Gal1
Gal7
Gal10

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15
Q

What are the regulatory proteins that can regulate transcription of the enzyme enoding genes?

A

Gal4
Gal3
Gal80

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16
Q

What happens when galactose is absent?

A

The following are not expressed:
Gal2
Gal1
Gal7
Gal10

17
Q

What happens when galactose is present?

A

The following are expressed:
Gal2
Gal1
Gal7
Gal10

18
Q

Which of the following Gal are always expressed?

A

Gal4
Gal3
Gal80

19
Q

What is the relationship between Gal4 and Gal80?

A

Gal80 is the repressor for Gal4.

20
Q

What happens to Gal3 when galactose is present?

A

It undergoes conformational changes.

21
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

These are basic units of chromosomes that include histone proteins and DNA is wound around it because DNA is negatively charged and histones are positively charged.

22
Q

What do histone octomers consist of?

A

H2A
H2B
H3
H4
(2 of each)

23
Q

What do the histone tails do?

A

These tails are flexible and they interact with adjacent nucleosomes and proteins.

24
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

This is when the histones and the DNA are tightly compacted with one another.

25
Q

What is constituitive heterochromatin?

A

This is when the chromatin is always tightly compacted.

26
Q

What is facultative heterochromatin?

A

This is when the chromatin switches between very compacted to not.

27
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

This is when the histone proteins loosen their compaction.

28
Q

What is acetylation?

A

The addition of an acetyl group to the tails and it leads to reduce chromatin compaction and creates a protein binding domain called bromodomain for transcriptional co-activators that cannot bind to DNA directly.

29
Q

What is HAT?

A

Histone acetyltransferase which adds the acetyl groups and makes the compaction euchromatin.

30
Q

What is HDAC?

A

Histone deactylase which removes the acetyl groups and makes then more compacted heterochromatin.

31
Q

What are the CPG islands in expressed genes?

A

Unmethylated

32
Q

What are the CPG islands in unexpressed genes?

A

Methylated

33
Q

What are CPG Islands?

A

These are regions that found in most gene promoters.

34
Q

What do unmethylated CPG islands do?

A

Open chromatin and activate transcription.

35
Q

What do methylated CPG islands do?

A

Close the chromatin and repress transcription.

36
Q

What is the epigenetic mechanism?

A

Identical genes will be either active or inactive depending on the inheritance pattern from the mother or the father.

BIOL 311 (12 decks)

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