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BIOL 311 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of plating?

A

Taking bacteria and spreading it on a plate with agar gel to solidify the nutrients and then adding bacteria on it and observing its growth. The nutrients on it can be manipulated to determine the bacteria’s biosynthetic processes.

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2
Q

What is a colony?

A

This is a clump of cells that form due to growth and at this point they are visible to the naked eye.

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3
Q

What is a cell clone?

A

This is when the cells in a colony have a single genetic ancestor.

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4
Q

What is a protrophic organism?

A

This is an organism that can generate its own essential nutrients therefore it can grow on a minimal media plate.

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5
Q

What is an auxotrophic organism?

A

This is an organism that cannot generate its own essential nutrients therefore it can only grow on rich media or a minimal media with the essential nutrients that are missing are supplied.

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6
Q

What is minimal media?

A

When select nutrients are absent from the plate to observe growth.

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7
Q

What is a resistant mutant?

A

This is a mutant that can grow in the presence of an inhibitor such as an antibiotic.

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8
Q

What are the genetic markers?

A

These are the genes mutants that allow for the geneticist to distinguish it from different strains.

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9
Q

What is conjugation?

A

This is the process of transferring DNA from a donar bacteria cell to a recipient bacteria through a physical union between bacteria.

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10
Q

What is the physical factor that connects the donor and the recipient?

A

The pilus and it can move the recipient closer to it.

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11
Q

What is the donor?

A

It transfers a copy of its DNA to the recipient.

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12
Q

What is the recipient?

A

It receives a copy of the DNA from the donor.

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13
Q

What is a fertility factor (F)?

A

This is a component of the DNA that the donor possesses so, it differentiates which one is the donor and which one is the recipient.

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14
Q

What is the plasmid?

A

This is the non-essential DNA of a bacteria cell.

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15
Q

What is the rolling circle replication?

A

The donor transfers a copy of its DNA and the DNA is replicated by the rolling circle replication method.

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16
Q

What is an Hfr strain?

A

This is a strain that has the fertility factor integrated into the recipient DNA and it is also considered as high frequency recombination.

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17
Q

What does the F- represent?

A

This is a label for the recipient because it lacks the fertility factor.

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18
Q

What does the F+ represent?

A

This is a label for the donor because it has the fertility factor present.

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19
Q

What is the difference between the F+ and Hfr?

A

The difference is that the Hfr has the fertility factor integrated in the recipient DNA whereas the F+ simply has the fertility factor present in the bacteria or host cell.

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20
Q

What is interrupted mating?

A

In the experiment typically a blender is used to interrupr the mating so only part of the DNA transfers. This can be used to predict the sequence of the DNA that is transferred to the recipient and this allows for gene mapping.

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21
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

These are unicellular and anucleated organisms.

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22
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

These are multicellular organisms and their DNA is found within the nucleus of the organism.

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23
Q

What is binary fission?

A

This is the process that prokaryotes use to form daughter cells consisting of the following processes:
1.) Replicate
2.) Divide

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24
Q

What does minimal media include?

A
  • Water
  • Salts
  • Carbon source
  • Agar => to solidify
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25
Q

What is the difference between a lac- and a his-?

A

The difference between the 2 is that a his- lacks the nutrients that it needs to grow but a lac- lacks the ability to gain the energy by breaking down the nutrient lactose.

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26
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

This is the process of genetic exchange or movement between organisms that are not parent-to-offspring it is between similar or closely related organisms.

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27
Q

What is transformation?

A

This is the process of picking up free or accessible DNA and then taking it in to the bacterial cell.

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28
Q

What is transduction?

A

This is the process of using a phage or a virus to take DNA from a donor to a recipient cell.

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29
Q

What are the 3 ways of horizontal gene transfer?

A

1.) Transformation
2.) Transduction
3.) Conjugation

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30
Q

What is the function of the F-factor?

A

When a bacteria has the fertility factor it intiates the growth of the pili.

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31
Q

What are the 3 results of the Hfr x F-?

A

1.) None of the F- become F+ or Hfr
2.) Some or all of the Hfr chromosome is transferred to the F- and the F-factor that is present drove the transfer
3.) The Hfr chromosome and the F- chromosome undergo recombination

32
Q

Why is the F-factor location important?

A

This location determines start of the transfer and the order in which it happens in a circle.

33
Q

What is the origin of transfer?

A

This is the gene that is the first to enter and it is the location of the F-factor being integrated and it continues in a linear fashion.

34
Q

What is an exconjugant?

A

This is a cell that contains a fragment of donor DNA and has undergone conjugation.

35
Q

What is the relationship of the first gene that is transferred to the origin of transfer?

A

The first gene is the closest to the origin of transfer.

36
Q

Can the F-factor integrate at any location in the bacterial chromosome?

A

Yes, it can occur at any point which is why the variation should be explored to determine the most accurate gene map.

37
Q

What is the terminus gene?

A

The last gene to enter the cell.

38
Q

What is the exogenate?

A

This is the crossing over between the PARTIAL donated chromosome and the bacterial chromosome.

39
Q

What is the endogenate?

A

This is the crossing over between the WHOLE donated chromosome and the bacterial chromosome.

40
Q

Why do there have to be an even number of crossovers?

A

If there isn’t the chromosome will be linear and bacteria reject the linear chromosomes.

41
Q

What is the same between both linear and circular crossing over?

A

The further the genes are the more likely it is for crossing over to occur than closer genes.

42
Q

How is interrupted mating used to map genes?

A

The time that the marker enters the cell is tracked and the gene map is made based on that.

43
Q

What is the recombination frequency?

A

Calculating the likelihood of crossing over between the different regions which can translate to distances between genes which are then mapped.

44
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

This is a virus that infects other bacteria.

45
Q

Where does the bacteriophage store its DNA?

A

In its head

46
Q

What is step 1 of the lysis cycle?

A

The phage inserts its DNA in the host and uses it to synthesize more components to build more phages.

47
Q

What is step 2 of the lysis cycle?

A

The host DNA breaks down.

48
Q

What is step 3 of the lysis cycle?

A

More phages are made by the parts in the host DNA.

49
Q

What is step 4 of the lysis cycle?

A

There are a lot of phages in the bacteria so it ruptures and dies and then the phages spread out and go infect other bacteria.

50
Q

What is lysis?

A

The rupturing of the bacteria in step 4.

51
Q

Why is the process known as the lysis cycle?

A

Due to the bacteria ruptureing in step 4.

52
Q

What is virulent phage?

A

This is a phage that initiates lyses and kills the host.

53
Q

What is a temperate phage?

A

This is a phage that remains dormant in the host and does not kill it however at times it is able to become virulent and then kill the bacteria.

54
Q

What is a plaque?

A

This is a visible clear area on a plate that is observed by geneticists in which all of the cells in that area are lysed by phages.

55
Q

What can be determined by the plaques?

A
  • The size can determine the rate of the lysis or host range
  • The plaque morphology can tell us more about the phage
56
Q

What are the 2 types of genetic analysis with phages?

A

1.) Mapping the viral genome with recombination between phages
2.) Studying linkage and genetic transfer of the bacterial genome

57
Q

What do we look at when mapping the recombination of the phages?

A

We look at the recombinant frequencies and the number of phenotypes if there are 4 then we know that we are dealing with recombination.

58
Q

What do we look at when studying linkage?

A

We look at transduction.

59
Q

What is transduction?

A

This is when a phage picks up nearby DNA and inserts it into bacteria.

60
Q

What is generalized transduction?

A

This is when the phage picks up random DNA and then gives that to the recipient.

61
Q

What is the product of generalized transduction?

A

Donor Bacteria => Integrate Random DNA => Transduced Bacteria

62
Q

How can we tell linkage from generalized transduction?

A

If there are genes that are linked they will be transduced together and brought to the donor together.

63
Q

What are cotransduced genes?

A

These are genes that are close together on the bacterial chromosome so they are packaged together in the phage head and used to transduce a donor bacteria.

64
Q

What is the main difference between cotransduction and recombinant frequency?

A

Recombinant frequency is more likely to occur between genes that are far apart and cotransduction is more likely to occur between genes that are closer together.

65
Q

What is a prophage?

A

The phage genome that is integrated into the bacterial chromosome but it is harmless.

66
Q

What is a lysogen?

A

This is the bacteria that contains the prophage.

67
Q

Can prophages become active?

A

Yes, and then they kill the host cell.

68
Q

How can the F-factor exist?

A

1.) As a free plasmid that is transferred to the F-
2.) The integrated state as a part of the DNA

69
Q

Where is the F-factor located on the donated chromosome?

A

At the end

70
Q

What are unselected markers?

A

These are alleles that are scored in progeny for the frequency with a linked selected allele.

71
Q

What is an F’ plasmid?

A

This is the F plasmid that is carrying bacterial genome fragments.

72
Q

What are R plasmids?

A

This is a plasmid that contains a lot of resistance type genes.

73
Q

What is a mixed or double infection?

A

This is when a bacteria is infected with 2 phage genotypes.

74
Q

What is the specialized transduction?

A

This is when a phage will transduce to a specific region of the chromosome.

75
Q

What is the lambda phage?

A

It must use an existing pathway to invade the host cell ot allow entry of its DNA to the host.

BIOL 311 (12 decks)

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