Chapter 7 Flashcards
- What contributing factors led to the rise of nationalism in the 19th Century?
The Enlightenment, The French Revolution, the People’s Spring of 1848, including the civil war in the United States all had influence people in Europe about the ideas of nationalism and liberalism. The sense of national identity was fostered in the nineteenth century by artists, writers, musicians, and linguists in almost every national culture.
- What is an “epic”? (The term is exemplified but not exactly defined in the reading; feel free to look it up in Wikipedia or elsewhere.)
It refers to long narrative poem recounting heroic deeds, although the term has also been loosely used to describe novels, such as Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace, and motion pictures, such as Sergey Eisenstein’s Ivan the Terrible. In literary usage, the term encompasses both oral and written compositions.
- Explain what is meant by top-down vs. bottom-up nationalism. With respect to Italian and German unification, were these instances top-down, or bottom-up? What about the nationalist movements of 1848?
Top-down nationalism refers to the role of the state in creating a sense of a singular, unified national identity. Bottom-up nationalism refers to a politics of violent nationalism where the goal is to create a “pure” nation-state where only one culture or national group exists. The unification of Italian and Germany was bottom-up nationalism. The nationalist movements of 1848 were Top-down nationalism.
In what years did Italy and Germany become unified nation-states, respectively?
Italy became a unified nation-state in 1870 when it seized the rest of the Papal States, including Rome. Germany became unified in 1870 as well when Bismarck defeat Napolean III in war.
Explain what is meant by separatism. Can you think of current or recent examples?
When nationalism arises in multinational states or empires, such as the Ottoman, Russian, or Austro-Hungarian empires, national groups typically want to break away from the larger empire, which is dominated by other nationalities, such as the Turks, Russians, or Germans.
What is “irredentism”?
It’s when currents of nationalism stirred within the middle and upper classes. It’s the demand for territory belonging to another state, usually based on historical or ethnic claims.
The Crimean War:
* When was it?
* What countries were involved?
* Who won and who lost?
* What effect did it have on the process of national unification for the countries mentioned in the reading?
- When was it? 1853-1856
- What countries were involved? Britain and France launched an attack there to assist Turkey in resisting Russian claims on Ottoman Turkish territory. The kingdom of Sardinia also joined in the war against Russia, mainly to win support from England and France for the idea of a united Italy. (Britain, France, Turkey, Russia, Italy)
- Who won and who lost? Russia lost, and the other union won.
- What effect did it have on the process of national unification for the countries mentioned in the reading? Romania and Serbia were recognized as self-governing principalities, and soon thereafter became independent states. The Sardinian gambit succeeded in advancing the Italian question.
Mazzini/Cavour/Garibaldi
Cavour is the prime minister of Sardinia after 1852, Mazzini was a nationalist revolutionary; he proclaimed, “A nation is the universality of one national state”. Garibaldi was an Italian nationalist and romantic revolutionary.
Victor Emmanuel II
He was the Sardinian ruler and was proclaimed king of Italy in May 1861.
- Verdi
