Chapter 7

Question 1

alveoli

Answer 1

saclike structures that facilitate gas exchange in the respiratory zone.

Question 2

Boyles Gas Law

Answer 2

gas law states that at a given constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other.

Question 3

Expiration

Answer 3

(usually) passive process of breathing out air.

Question 4

External Respiration

Answer 4

physiological process of gas exchange between lungs and pulmonary capillary blood.

Question 5

Internal Respiration

Answer 5

physiological process of gas exchange between the blood and body tissues.

Question 6

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 6

breathing, is the process by which a person moves air into and out of the lungs.

Question 7

respiratory pump

Answer 7

assists with venous return when a person changes intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressures by breathing in and out

Question 8

Residual volume

Answer 8

volume of air left in the lungs after a person has exhaled as much as possible.

Question 9

Total lung capacity

Answer 9

= vital capacity + residual volume

Question 10

vital capacity

Answer 10

The maximal amount of air that a person can exhale after a maximal inhalation

Question 11

spirometry

Answer 11

Lung volumes, capacities, and flow rates are measured using a technique

Question 12

tidal volume

Answer 12

volume of air entering and leaving the lungs during quiet breathing

Question 13

respiratory membrane

Answer 13

structure in the lungs that is composed of the alveolar wall, the capillary wall, and their respective basement membranes

Question 14

Dalton’s law

Answer 14

total pressure of a mixture of gases (like atmospheric air) equals the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture.

Question 15

Fick’s law

Answer 15

states that the rate of gas diffusion through a tissue (like the respiratory membrane) is proportional to the surface area and the gas partial pressure gradient.

Question 16

Henry’s Law

Answer 16

states that gases dissolve in liquids in proportion to their respective partial pressures

Question 17

oxygen diffusion capacity

Answer 17

• rate at which oxygen can diffuse from the alveoli into the blood.
• expressed as the volume of oxygen that diffuses through a membrane per minute per 1 mmHg of pressure difference.

Question 18

pulmonary diffusion

Answer 18

When gases move across the respiratory membrane and are exchanged between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary blood

Question 19

hemoglobin

Answer 19

majority of oxygen transported in the blood is bound to

Question 20

Bohr Effect

Answer 20

When the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right from changes in pH or temperature

Question 21

carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 21

When carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin

Question 22

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 22

graphical representation of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the degree of hemoglobin saturation.

Question 23

bicarbonate ion

Answer 23

majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

Question 24

arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference

Answer 24

-difference in oxygen content between arterial and mixed venous blood.
- index of oxygen extraction by body tissues.

Question 25

myoglobin

Answer 25

• Within muscle cells, what oxygen is transported by.
  -higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin has

Question 26

Compared to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, the oxygen-myoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the?

Answer 26

left

Question 27

respiratory centers

Answer 27

found in the medulla oblongata and pons regions of the brain stem, help establish the rate and depth of breathing.

Question 28

Central chemoreceptors

Answer 28

trigger an increase in breathing rate and depth when stimulated by high CO2 concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 29

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 29

in the pleurae, bronchiole, and alveoli respond to excess stretch by signaling for a decrease in inspiratory rate.

Question 30

The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

Answer 30

bicarbonate ions

Question 31

According to ________ law, the total pressure of a mixture of gases (like atmospheric air) equals the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture

Answer 31

Daltons

Question 32

Hering-Breuer reflex

Answer 32

When pulmonary stretch receptors send a signal that triggers a shortened duration of inspiration, it is known as the

Question 33

When you inhale, which of the following occurs as a result of the respiratory pump?

Answer 33

Thoracic vena cavae fill

Question 34

visceral pleura

Answer 34

anchoring membrane that attaches to the lungs themselves

Question 35

Physiological “dead space” is composed of all of the following EXCEPT

Answer 35

bronchioles

Question 36

During heavy exercise, inhalation is assisted by all of the following EXCEPT

Answer 36

internal intercostals

Question 37

residual volume

Answer 37

volume of air that remains in the lungs after expiration and cannot be exhaled

Question 38

The pressure gradient that is found in the pulmonary circulation (i.e., from pulmonary arteries to pulmonary veins or left atrium) is approximately

Answer 38

10 mmHg

Question 39

PCO2 in the alveoli is approximately

Answer 39

40 mmHg

Question 40

During exercise, the oxygen diffusion capacity increases dramatically because

Answer 40

lower venous O2 content increases the PO2 gradient

Question 41

The maximum total O2-carrying capacity for a person with a blood volume of 5 L would be approximately

Answer 41

1 L O2

Question 42

If PO2 is high, a large change in PO2 would lead to _____________ in hemoglobin saturation.

Answer 42

small change

Question 43

In hemoglobin, CO2 binds to

Answer 43

globular protein

Question 44

As bicarbonate diffuses from the red blood cell into the plasma, __________ moves from the plasma into the red blood cell to prevent electrical imbalance.

Answer 44

chloride

Question 45

Compared to the slope of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, the slope of the O2-myoglobin dissociation curve i

Answer 45

steeper but in the same direction

Question 46

When venous blood from exercising and nonexercising tissues is included in the calculation, it is

Answer 46

arterial-mixed venous O2 difference