Chapter 5 Flashcards
Acute Muscle Soreness
Soreness or pain felt during and immediately after an exercise bout
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
The lowest rate of body metabolism that can sustain life, measured after an overnight sleep in a laboratory under optimal conditions of quiet, rest, and relaxation and after a 12 hour fast
Calorie (cal)
A unit of measure of energy in biological systems, where 1 calorie is equal to the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1.0 g of water 1ºC, from 15 to 16ºC
Calorimeter
A device for measuring the heat produced by the body (or by specific chemical reactions0
Central Governor Theory
Theory proposing that processes occur in the brain that regulate power output by the muscles to prevent unsafe levels of exertion
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
Muscle soreness that develops a day or two after a heavy bout of exercise and that is associated with actual injury within the muscle
Direct Calorimetry
A method that gauges the body’s rate and quantity of energy production by direct measurement of the body’s heat production
Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
Elevated oxygen consumption above resting levels after exercise; at one time referred to as oxygen debt
Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps (EAMCs)
Painful prolonged contractions of muscles that accompany or result form muscle contractions
Fatigue
General sensations of tiredness and accompanying decrements in muscular performance
Haldane Transformation
An equation allowing one to calculate the inspired air volume from expired air volume, or expired air volume from inspired air volume
Indirect Calorimetry
A method of estimating energy expenditure by measuring respiratory gases
Lactate Threshold
The point during exercise of increasing intensity at which blood lactate begins to accumulate above resting levels, where lactate clearance is no longer able to keep up with lactate production
Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2Max)
The maximal capacity for oxygen consumption by the body during maximal exertion. It is also known as aerobic power, maximal oxygen intake, maximal oxygen consumption, and cardiorespiratory endurance capacity
Oxygen Deficit
The difference between the oxygen required for a given exercise intensity (steady state) and the actual oxygen consumption
Peak Oxygen Uptake (VO2Peak)
The highest oxygen uptake achieved during a graded exercise test when a subject reaches volitional fatigue before a plateau occurs in the VO2 response (the criterion for a true VO2)
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
The ratio of carbon dioxide expired to oxygen consumed at the level of the lugns
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
The body’s metabolic rate early in the morning following an overnight fast and 8 hours of sleep. Determining RMR does not require sleeping overnight in a laboratory or clinical facility
VO2 Drift
A slow increase in VO2 during prolonged submaximal exercise at a constant power output
A disadvantage of direct calorimetry is that
the heat generated by exercise equipment must be taken into account
As RER values approach 1.0
glucose/glycogen metabolism is maximal
As glycogen stores run out, what substrate do muscles primarily rely on for ATP production?
Fat
As submaximal exercise intensity increases, VO2
increases proportionally
Carbohydrate oxidation yields ___ ATP per molecule of Oxygen consumed when compared to ATP yield per Oxygen molecule for fat
more
Compared to fat molecules, glucose molecules contain _____ carbon atoms.
fewer
During endurance exercise, fatigue correlates best with
Low glycogen stores
During high intensity sprints, what is the most specific cellular mechanism of fatigue?
Pi accumulation
EPOC serves all of the following purposes
- Replenishes O2 stores in hemoglobin and myoglobin
- Replenishes cytosolic ATP, PCr stores
- Replenishes glycogen stores via lactate conversion
FiO2=
20.93%
Glycogen depletion from muscle fiber types occurs in which order?
Type I, IIa, IIx
How does heat buildup in muscle contribute to fatigue?
hastens glycogen depletion
If muscle pH falls to 6.4, what occurs in the cell that promotes fatigue?
glycogen breakdown stops
Muscle glycogen metabolism is disproportionally high
when exercise intensity is high
Oxygen deficit is incurred when
O2 demand > O2 consumption in early exercise
Studies show that economy of effort is greatest in
long- and ultra-long-distance athletes
The body utilizes ______ oxygen when metabolizing carbohydrate compared to fat
less
Typical RMR values range from
1,200 to 1,400 kcal/day
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon that occurs when oxygen supply does not increase as fast as oxygen need at the onset of exercise?
oxygen deficit
When is RER <0.7?
during gluconeogenesis from amino acids and fat
What are major causes of fatigue?
- Glycogen depletion
- Acidosis of muscle
- Failure to stimulate muscle at the neuromuscular junction
Which is not an important predictor of a successful endurance athlete?
high type II fiber percentage
Which respiratory exchange ratios (RERs) is typical for a resting individual?
0.78
Why are normalized VO2max values (i.e., ml O2 · kg-1 · min-1) greater in men than in women?
Men have more fat-free mass
Why does aerobic performance continue to improve with training after VO2max has plateaued?
lactate threshold continues to increase
In the events lasting longer than a few seconds, glycogen stored in the _____ is the primary energy source for ATP synthesis
muscle
The rate at which your body uses energy is referred to as your _______
metabolic rate
An equation allowing one to calculate the inspired air volume from expired air volume, or expired air volume from inspired air volume
Haldane Transformation
A slow increase in VO2 during prolonged submaximal exercise at a constant power output
VO2 drift
T/F: Height is one of the factors that affect total daily caloric expenditure
false
T/F: Calcium consumption affects a person’s basal metabolic rate?
false
T/F: Most researchers now prefer to use the term resting metabolic rate (RMR) instead of basal metabolic rate (BMR), because RMR is an easier measurement to take than BMR
true
T/F: Direct calorimetry is widely regarded as a useful tool for exercise measurements
false
The role of the CNS in most types of fatigue is to limit exercise performance ____
as a protective mechanism
