Chapter 7 Flashcards
The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
Learning
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and it’s consequence (as in operant conditioning)
Associative Learning
Any event or situation that evokes a response
Stimulus
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Respondent Behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing a consequence
Operant Behaviors
The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
Cognitive Learning
A form of cognitive learning that lets up learn from others’ experiences
Cognitive Learning
A type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, the first stimulus comes to elicit behavior in anticipation of the second stimulus
Classical Conditioning
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Behaviorism
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
In classical conditioning, an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers an unconditioned response
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
Conditioned Response (CS)
In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
In classical conditioning, the initial stage—when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the NS begins triggering the conditioned response.
Aquisition
In classical conditioning, the diminishing of a conditioned response—when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus.
Extinction
The reappearance, after a pause, of a weakened conditioned response
Spontaneous Recovery
In classical conditioning, the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Generalization (Stimulus Generalization)
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced.
Discrimination
A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher
Operant Conditioning
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Law of Effect
In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking
Operant Chamber
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Reinforcement
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Shaping
