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PSYCH 1030H Test 2 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social development throughout the life span

A

Developmental Psychology

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2
Q

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

A

Cross-sectional Studies

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3
Q

Research that follows and retests the same people over time.

A

Longitudinal Studies

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4
Q

The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

A

Zygotes

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5
Q

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month (8 weeks)

A

Embryo

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6
Q

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

A

Fetus

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7
Q

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

A

Teratogens

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8
Q

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features.

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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9
Q

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

A

Habituation

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10
Q

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

A

Maturation

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11
Q

An optimal period in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

A

Critical Period

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12
Q

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

A

Cognition

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13
Q

A concept of framework that organizes and interprets information.

A

Schemas

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14
Q

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

A

Assimilation

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15
Q

Adapting our current schemas (understanding) to incorporate new information

A

Accomodation

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16
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the stage from birth to nearly 2 years at which infants know the works mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. Milestones include object permanence and stranger anxiety.

A

Sensorimotor Stage

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17
Q

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived, develops during the sensorimotor stage.

A

Object Permanence

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18
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the stage from about 2 to 6 or 7 years at which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. Milestones include pretend play and egocentrism.

A

Pre-operational Stage

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19
Q

The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

A

Conservation

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20
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

A

Egocentrism

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21
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development from about 7 to 11 years of age at which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Milestones include conservation and mathematical transformations.

A

Concrete Operational Stage

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22
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. Milestones include abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning.

A

Formal Operational Stage

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23
Q

In Vygotsky’s theory, a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking.

A

Scaffold

24
Q

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states— about their feeling, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

A

Theory of Mind

25
Q

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

A

Stranger Anxiety

26
Q

An emotional tie with others; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation.

A

Attachment

27
Q

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life.

A

Imprinting

28
Q

From the strange situation experiment, infants that played comfortably in their mother’s presence, became distressed when she left, and sought contact with her when she returned.

A

Secure Attachment

29
Q

Attachment marked by wither anxiety or avoidance of trusting relationships

A

Insecure Attachment

30
Q

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

A

Temperament

31
Q

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

A

Basic Trust

32
Q

A form of insecure attachment in which people constantly crave acceptance but remain alert to signs of possible rejection.

A

Anxious attachment

33
Q

A type of insecure attachment in which people experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance from others

A

Avoidant Attachment

34
Q

Coercive parents who impose rules and expect obedience

A

Authoritarian

35
Q

Unrestraining parents who make few demands, set few rules, and use little punishment

A

Permissive

36
Q

Uninvolved parents who are careless, inattentive, and do not seek a close relationship with their children

A

Neglectful

37
Q

Confrontive parents who are both demanding and responsive, which exert control by setting rules, but, especially with older children, encourage open discussion and allow exceptions

A

Authoritative

38
Q

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

A

Adolescence

39
Q

The period of sexual maturation, when a person usually becomes capable of reproducing

A

Puberty

40
Q

Kohlberg’s level of moral thinking in which the focus is self-interest, rules are obeyed to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards (before age 9)

A

Pre-conventional Morality

41
Q

Kohlberg’s level of moral thinking in which the focus is to uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain the social order (early adolescence)

A

Conventional Morality

42
Q

Kohlberg’s level of moral thinking in which the focus is that actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

A

Post-conventional Morality

43
Q

Erikson’s stage of Psychosocial Development that occurs in infancy (to 1 year) in which infants should develop a sense of basic trust

A

Trust vs. Mistrust

44
Q

Erikson’s stage of Psychosocial Development that occurs in toddlerhood (1-3 years) in which toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or doubt their abilities

A

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

45
Q

Erikson’s stage of Psychosocial Development that occurs in preschool (3-6 years) in which preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

A

Initiative vs. Guilt

46
Q

Erikson’s stage of Psychosocial Development that occurs in elementary school (6 year to puberty) in which children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

A

Industry (Competence) vs. Inferiority

47
Q

Erikson’s stage of Psychosocial Development that occurs in adolescence, in which teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion

48
Q

Erikson’s stage of Psychosocial Development that occurs in young adulthood (20s to early 40s) in which young adults learn to form close relationships and gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation

49
Q

Erikson’s stage of Psychosocial Development that occurs in middle adulthood (40s to 60s) in which middle-aged people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation

50
Q

Erikson’s stage of Psychosocial Development that occurs in late adulthood (late 60s and up) in which older adults feel a sense of satisfaction or failure when reflecting on their lives.

A

Integrity vs. Despair

51
Q

Our sense of self, according to Erikson

A

Identity

52
Q

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our identity that comes from out group memberships.

A

Social Identity

53
Q

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships

A

Intimacy

54
Q

A period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, which many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults.

A

Emerging Adulthood

55
Q

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

A

Menopause

56
Q

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

A

Social Clock

PSYCH 1030H Test 2 (3 decks)

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