chapter 7 Flashcards
goal
defined as a specific commitment to achieve a desired result within a certain period of time
describe the goal-setting process in organizations
- to maximize effectiveness and efficiency, goals must be set within a strategic framework consisting of mission, vision, and values.
- Managers setting goals must follow the organizations mission, have a clear vision of what they want to achieve, and ensure that the team embraces the core values of what the organization represents.
- Fostering a strong corporate culture within this framework is the first step toward goal success
examples of goals:
- short-term goals
- long-term goals
- stretch goals
- distal goals
- proximal goals
explain the different types of goals and plans in an organization
an important part of goal setting is to turn short-term and long-term goals into actionable goal plans.
types of plans include:
- operational plans composed of standing plans
- single-use plans
examples of standing plans:
- policies
- procedures
- rules
two main types of single use plans:
- programs
- projects
*other types of plans include tactical plans, directional plans, business plans, and action plans
goal setting theory:
developed by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham in the 1960s suggests that human performance is directed by conscious goals and intentions.
The core principles of effective goal setting to motivate workers are presented in five dimensions:
- clarity
- challenge
- commitment
- feedback
- task complexity
SMART goals
Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Time-bound (timely)
describe SMART goals and how they are used in organizations
- different business environments need diff types of goals. While SMART goals may be suitable in some circumstances, they may not be suitable in others.
- SMART goals tend to work when applied to predictable business environments where the future is similar to the past, and the products or services are relatively the same
different types of goal setting approaches-
results-centered approaches to goal setting include:
- SMART goals
- management by objectives (MBO)
Management by Objective (MBO)
method in which management and employees agree to specific goals that are then used to evaluate individual performance
main purpose of the MBO approach:
to motivate employees rather than control
five steps to the MBO process:
- ) manager Sets employee objectives
- ) manager Develops action plans
- ) manager Monitors and reviews progress
- ) manager Evaluates performance
- ) manager Rewards performance according to results
different type of goal setting approach-
example of a process-centered approach to goal setting:
total quality management (TQM)
main aspects of total quality management (TQM) include:
- striving for long-term solutions rather than short-term gains
- rectifying errors and delays as quickly as possible
- focusing on the customer as the main priority
- continually improving systems and people performance
- investing in ongoing training programs and workshops
- building teams motivated to be innovative and creative
- creating an environment where all employees are involved in providing ideas and feedback
different types of goal-setting approaches-
a contingency model of goal setting:
considers tasks in terms of straightforwardness, ambiguity, and flexibility and how managers and employees can change the nature of the goal-setting process to better fit the type of task required
performance dashboards:
provide a visual representation of an organizations strategies and goals, which allows managers to easily track progress toward metrics and goals in real time.
- performance dashboards provide managers access to key performance indicators (KPIs)
a balanced scorecard focuses on three key non-financial areas:
- ) relationships with customers
- ) key internal processes
- ) learning and growth
