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Sam's OB II > Chapter 63 and 64 Test Review > Flashcards

Chapter 63 and 64 Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys should be sonographically documented in all fetuses by how many weeks?

A

13 weeks

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2
Q

Protrusion of the posterior wall of the urinary bladder what is that called?

A

Exstrophy of the bladder

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3
Q

Bladder wall thickness in a fetus normally is how many millimeters?

A

2 mm or less

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4
Q

Sonographically what would it look like if you saw complete renal agenesis?

A

the bladder will not be seen
the stomach will not be seen
severe oligohydramnios is evident

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5
Q

Sonographic findings of prune belly syndrome include all of the following except what?

A

Prune Belly Syndrome:
recognized by 3 features: cryptorchidism, agenesis or dysplaisa of the abdominal wall muscles and dilation of the collecting system

referred to the Eagle-Barret Syndrome

Sonographic Fingings:

  • bladder appear anechoic
  • large and thin walled bladder
  • prostatic urethra in males may be enlarged, mimicking PUV, but the “keyhole” sign will not be there
  • bilateral hydronephrosis with possible dysplasia
  • ureters are dilated and tortuous
  • ureters may appear as numerous cystic lesions within the distended abdominal cavity
  • oliogohydramnios is present
  • the abdomen is extremely distended compared to the small thoracic cavity

The sonographic documentation of absent or hyoplastic abdominal muscles and undescended testes is often difficult

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6
Q

An anechoic cystic structure within the fetal baldder is most likely what?

A

ureterocele

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7
Q

A condition is which both ovarian and testicular tissues are present is what?

A

true hermaphroditism

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8
Q

The ureteric bud gives rise to all of the following…

A

ureter
renal pelvis
calyces
collecting tubules

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9
Q

The kidneys initially lie in which of the following positions?

A

very close together in the pelvis

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10
Q

Permanent kidneys arise from the what?

A

develop from 2 different sources

  1. the metanephric diverticulum or ureteric bud
  2. the metanephric mesoderm
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11
Q

The most likely cause of bilateral hydronephrosis is a fetus is which one of the following?

A

bladder outlet obstruction

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12
Q

If you have a dilated bladder with a keyhole bladder what condition are you most likely going to see?

A

posterior urethral valve (PUV)

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13
Q

Renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, abnormal facies, malformed hands and feet are found in which condition?

A

Potter’s Syndrome

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14
Q

The renal system fails to develop in which of the following conditions?

A

renal agenesis

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15
Q

What are the sonographic findings of posterior urethral valve (PUV)?

A
  • both kidneys will appear to have severe hydronephrosis
  • oligohydramnios
  • stomach will not be seen
  • both ureters will be dilated
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16
Q

The testicles are not visible within the scrotal sac until how many weeks gestation?

A

28 weeks

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17
Q

You cannot exclude renal agenesis before how many weeks?

A

15 to 18 weeks

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18
Q

Renal malformations may be divided into two categories? what are they?

A
  1. those involving congenital malformations

2. those resulting from an obstructive process

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19
Q

What are the findings observed in hydronephrosis?

A

Hydronephrosis refers to dilatation of renal pelvis and calyces
Fetal hydronephrosis is most common fetal anomaly
Findings suggesting hydronephrosis include abnormal intrapelvic anteroposterior (AP) diameter measurement
Intrapelvic diameter >7 mm, consider mild hydronephrosis
Intrapelvic diameter measuring 7 – 15 mm, consider moderate hydronephrosis
Intrapelvic diameter measuring >15 mm, considered marked dilatation or severe hydronephrosis

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20
Q

What condition develops at the lumen of the allantois persist while the urachus is forming?

A

If lumen of allantois persists while urachus forms, urachal fistula develops, which causes urine to drain from bladder to umbilicus
If only small part of lumen of allantois persists, is called urachal cyst or vesicoallantoic cyst

If larger portion of lumen persists, may cause urachal sinus to develop that may open at umbilicus or into urinary bladder

This condition is called patent urachus

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21
Q

Know all the correct information about fetal ovarian cysts

A

-results from maternal hormonal stimulation
-usually benign
-Most common cystic mass in female fetuses
-Range in size from small to large
Usually located on one side of abdomen or lower pelvis
Can be unilateral or bilateral
Most cysts regress either in utero or during postnatal period
Mass may twist onto itself, leading to torsion, rupture, intestinal obstruction

22
Q

Which of the following anomalies demonstrates the ultrasound characteristics of trisomy 18?

A

Pena-Shokeir syndrome and trisomy 18 have similar features, so karyotyping should be offered
—Or she may be looking for—-
-Rocker-bottom foot characterized by prominent heel and convex sole
Is associated with multiple syndromes and chromosomal anomalies, especially trisomy 18

23
Q

Which of the following anomalies is associated with micromelia and a hitchhiker thumb?

A 
Diastrophic Dysplasia
Sonographic Findings 
Micromelia 
Talipes 
Fixed abducted thumb (hitchhiker thumb) 
Scoliosis 
Talipes (clubfoot) 
Micrognathia (small chin) 
Cleft palate
24
Q

The charateristics of thanatophoric dysplasia except for what?

A

Is most common lethal skeletal dysplasia “death personified”
type I:
short, curved femurs and flat vertebral bodies
type II:
by straight, short femurs, flat vertebral bodies, and cloverleaf skull
Sonographic Features
Severe micromelia especially of proximal bones (rhizomelia)
Cloverleaf deformity occurs as result of premature craniosynostosis and may be associated with ACC
Narrow thorax with shortened ribs
Frontal bossing (bulging forehead)
Hypertelorism (widely spaced eyes)
Flat vertebral bodies (platyspondyly
Severe polyhydramnios
Hydrocephalus
Nonimmune hydrops

25
Q

A diagnosis of talipes may be made by which of the following characteristics?

A

persistent abnormal inversion of the foot perpendicular to the lower leg
deformity of the foot and ankle
usually idiopathic

26
Q

Know all about achondroplasia

A

Achondroplasia
most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia; occurs in 2.53 of every 100,000 births
Results from decreased endochondral bone formation
Produces short, squat bones
Heterozygous achondroplasia: inherited from one parent
Has good survival rate
Normal intelligence
Normal life span
Homozygous achondroplasia: inherited from two parents
Considered lethal, with sonographic findings more severe
Narrow thorax
Most infants die shortly after birth from respiratory complications
Sonographic Findings
Rhizomelia
Macrocephaly
Trident hands (short proximal and middle phalanges)
Depressed nasal bridge
Frontal bossing
Mild ventriculomegaly may be identified

27
Q

Which charateristic of multicystic dysplasia kidney disease is most common?

A

atleast one kidney with multi cysts of varying size, may effect a part or entire kidney. starts at periphery and enlarge and more cysts develop
posible enlargement of kidneys and AC. Distorted renal outline.
Unilateral: other kidney enlarged. ( but bladder and AFI normal)
Bilateral: Oligo and absence of bladder

28
Q

Which of the following sites of hydronephrosis in the neonate is most common?

A

ureteropelvic junction obstruction

occurs at the junction between renal pelvis and ureter

29
Q

If the fetal kidneys are large and echogenic bilateral what condition could we be looking at?

A

Infantile polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) or ADPKD

30
Q

Which of the following terms describes a shortening of the proximal portion of the extremity?

A

rhizomelia (humerus and femur)

31
Q

Which one of the following diagnosis is most likely when there are mulitple fractures and a compressible calvirium?

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

32
Q

Which one of the following anomalies is associated with the Amish community?

A

Ellis-van crevald syndrome (chondroectodermal dysplasia

33
Q

Which of the following anomalies is associated with cloverleaf skull?

A

type II thanatophoric dysplasia

34
Q

Choose the following non-lethal skeletal dysplasia is most common?

A

Achondroplasia

35
Q

Which one of the following anomalies is caused by an alkaline phosphatase deficiency?

A

congenital hypophosphatsia

36
Q

A congenital condition characterized by a disorder of collagen production?

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

37
Q

Severe micromelia decrease or absent ossification of the spine macrocephaply micrognathia are seen in which condition?

A

Achondrogenesis

38
Q

A group of lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by bowing of the long bones is which one?

A

camptomelic dysplasia

39
Q

Sonographic features, small thorax, rhizomelia, renal dysplasia, polydactyly are associated with what condition?

A

Jeune’s syndrome (asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia)

40
Q

Fusion of the lower extremities is associated one of the following?

A

sirenomelia

41
Q

The sonographic features of anchondroplasia may not be evident until after how many weeks of gestation?

A

22 weeks

when biometry becomes abnormal

42
Q

The most common lethal skeletal dysplasia is which one of the following?

A

thanatophoric dysplasia

43
Q

Which classification of osteogenesis imperfecta is considered the most severe?

A

type II

44
Q

A rare condition characterized by phocomelia, facial anomalies is which syndrome?

A

Robert’s syndrome

45
Q

The majority of clubfeet why do we have them?

A

idopathic

46
Q

Abnormal growth and density of cartilage in bone is described as which one of the following conditions?

A

skeletal dysplasia

1 in 4000 to 5000 births

47
Q

Which of the following conditions is caused by cartilage abnormalities that result in abnormal bone formation and hypomineralization?

A

Achondrogenesis

48
Q

A lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by short ribs, short limbs and polydactyly, what is it?

A

short rib polydactyly syndrome

49
Q

Webbing across the joint in multiple contractures sonographic findings in which of the following abnormalities?

A

lethal mulitple pterygium syndrome

50
Q

Platyspondyly

A

flat vertebral bodies

51
Q

Mesomelia

A

shortening of the middle segment
radius/ulna
tib/fib

52
Q

Micromelia

A

shortening of the entire extremity

Sam's OB II (4 decks)

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