Chapter 6.1 to 6.4

Question 1

Phagocytosis

Answer 1

a process in which smaller organisms or other food particles are eaten by engulfing by amoebas and other protists

Question 1

Central vacuole

Answer 1

a large vacuole found in mature plant cells that is enclosed by a membrane called the tonoplast

Question 1

Mitochondria

Answer 1

organelles that are the sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen

Question 2

Nuclear envelope

Answer 2

a membrane that encloses the nucleus; separating its contents from the cytoplasm

Question 3

Ribosomes

Answer 3

particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein that carry out protein synthesis

Question 4

Nuclear lamina

Answer 4

a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

Question 4

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 4

an extensive network of membranes that accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells - two distinct regions are the Smooth ER and the Rough ER

Question 4

Transport vesicles

Answer 4

vesicles in transit from one part of a cell to another

Question 6

Ultracentrifuges

Answer 6

powerful machines that separate cell components by spinning extremely fast

Question 7

Food vacuoles

Answer 7

vacuoles that are formed by phagocytosis and carry out hydrolysis

Question 8

Tonoplast

Answer 8

a membrane that encloses the central vacuole

Question 9

Cell fractionation

Answer 9

goal is to take apart cells and separate the major organelles from each other

Question 9

Chloroplasts

Answer 9

organelles found only in plants and algae that are the sites of photosynthesis -convert solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water

Question 10

Electron microscope

Answer 10

a microscope that focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface -resolution is inversely related to the wavelength of the radiation a microscope uses for imaging

Question 12

Nucleus

Answer 12

contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell and is generally the most conspicuous organelle in it

Question 13

Bound ribosomes

Answer 13

ribosomes that are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

Question 14

Free ribosomes

Answer 14

ribosomes that are suspended in the cytosol

Question 15

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 15

a cell in which DNA is found in a true nucleus bound by a membranous nuclear envelope -is generally a lot bigger than prokaryotic cells

Question 15

Chromatin

Answer 15

a complex of proteins and DNA that make up chromosomes

Question 16

Vesicles

Answer 16

tiny sacs made of membrane that transport/transfer things

Question 18

Nucleolus

Answer 18

a prominent structure within the nondividing nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized from instructions in the DNA

Question 19

Plasma membrane

Answer 19

found at the boundary of every cell and functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the entire cell

Question 20

Lysosome

Answer 20

a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest all kinds of macromolecuels

Question 22

Organelles

Answer 22

subcellular structures that are too small to be resolved by a light microscope

Question 23

Prokaryotic cell

Answer 23

a cell in which DNA is concentrated in a region called the nucleoid, but no membranes separates this from the rest of the cell -are smaller that eukaryotic cells

Question 24

Scanning electron microscope

Answer 24

a microscope in which an electron beam scans the surface of a sample -has great depth field which results in an image that appears 3D

Question 24

Glycoproteins

Answer 24

secretory proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

Question 26

Light microscope

Answer 26

a microscope in which visible light passes through the specimen and then through glass lenses- the lenses refract the light in such a way that the image is magnified

Question 28

Chromosomes

Answer 28

structures that carry the genetic information and are made up of chromatin

Question 30

Smooth ER

Answer 30

its outer surface lacks ribosomes -functions are the synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs/poisons, storage of calcium ions, and production of sex hormones

Question 31

Transmission electron microscope

Answer 31

a microscope in which an electron beam is aimed through a very thin section of a specimen -is used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells

Question 32

Golgi apparatus

Answer 32

a center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping products of the ER -consists of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)

Question 33

Rough ER

Answer 33

has ribosomes that stud the outer surface the membrane -secretes proteins such glycoproteins

Question 34

Contractile vacuoles

Answer 34

vacuoles that pump excess water of the cell, therefore maintaining the appropriate concentration of salts and other molecules (found in many freshwater protists)

Question 35

Endomembrane system

Answer 35

a system of membranes which carries out a variety of tasks in a cell, including synthesis of proteins and their transport into membranes and organelles, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons

Question 36

Cytosol

Answer 36

a semifluid substance within the membrane where organelles are found