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AP Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where did the science of organic chemistry originate?

A

In attempts to purify and improve the yield of products

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1
Q

Molecules that are mirror images of each other

A

Ennantiomers

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1
Q

Jons Jakob Berzelius

A

Who made the distinction between organic compounds and inorganic compounds?

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2
Q

Hydrocarbons are major components of what, which is a fossil fuel?

A

Petroleum

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2
Q

Mechanism

A

Vitalism shifted to ______, the view that all natural phenomena are governed by physical and chemical laws

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3
Q

Functional groups

A

Components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions

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4
Q

When Wohler experimented with ammonium ions and cyanate ions, what did he make instead of expected?

A

Urea, organic compound found in urine of animals

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4
Q

Primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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5
Q

Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

A

Hydrocarbons

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5
Q

Covalent

A

A carbon atom usually completes its valence shell by sharing its 4 electrons by use of _____ bonds

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6
Q

Geometric isomers

A

Have the same covalent partnerships but differ in spatial arrangements; differ in arrangement about a double bond (cis: x’s on same side trans: x’s on opposite sides)

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7
Q

He said he could make it without taking it from kidney of animal or human but the cyantae was from animal blood

A

Why was Wohler’s results turned down as being untrue

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8
Q

Why was Wohler’s results turned down as being untrue

A

He said he could make it without taking it from kidney of animal or human but the cyantae was from animal blood

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9
Q

When two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, all bonds around those carbons are .

A

in the same plane

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9
Q

Neither petroleum or fat ___ in water, both are hydro____.

A

Dissolve—phobic

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9
Q

C, H, O, N, S ,P

A

Major elements of life

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10
Q

Kolbe, student of Wohler, later made it by the formation of what

A

Acetic acid

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11
Q

The new discipline of organic chemistry was built on the foundation of ______, the belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemicals laws

A

Vitalism

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12
Q

The molecular components attatched to that skeleton

A

Distinctive properties of an organic molecule depend not only on the arrangement of its carbon skeleton but also..

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13
Q

Differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms

A

Structural isomers

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14
Q

What are the properties of the functional groups most important to chemistry?

A

Hydrophilic, increase solubility of organic compounds in water

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14
Q

Dissolve—phobic

A

Neither petroleum or fat ___ in water, both are hydro____.

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16
Q

Organic molecules

A

Although hydrocarbons are not prevalent in living organisms, many of cell’s _________ have regions of only hydrogen and carbon

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18
Q

Enantiomers are important to what industry because why..

A

Pharmaceutical - two Enantiomers of a drug may not be equally effective

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19
Q

Ennantiomers

A

Molecules that are mirror images of each other

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21
Q

Petroleum

A

Hydrocarbons are major components of what, which is a fossil fuel?

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22
Q

Acetic acid

A

Kolbe, student of Wohler, later made it by the formation of what

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23
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

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24
Q

Hydrophilic, increase solubility of organic compounds in water

A

What are the properties of the functional groups most important to chemistry?

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25
Q

Length, branching, double bonds, and rings

A

List the variations in carbon skeletons

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26
Q

in the same plane

A

When two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, all bonds around those carbons are .

27
Q

Ennantiomers

A

Molecules that are mirror images of each other

28
Q

What do geometric isomers arise from?

A

Inflexibility of double bonds, which won’t let atoms rotate freely about bond axis

29
Q

Have the same covalent partnerships but differ in spatial arrangements; differ in arrangement about a double bond (cis: x’s on same side trans: x’s on opposite sides)

A

Geometric isomers

29
Q

What are the six functional groups most important to chemistry?

A

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydral, and phosphate groups

30
Q

Dissolve—phobic

A

Neither petroleum or fat ___ in water, both are hydro____.

32
Q

Petroleum

A

Hydrocarbons are major components of what, which is a fossil fuel?

33
Q

Distinctive properties of an organic molecule depend not only on the arrangement of its carbon skeleton but also..

A

The molecular components attatched to that skeleton

33
Q

Structural isomers

A

Differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms

35
Q

Components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions

A

Functional groups

37
Q

In attempts to purify and improve the yield of products

A

Where did the science of organic chemistry originate?

38
Q

Vitalism

A

The new discipline of organic chemistry was built on the foundation of ______, the belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemicals laws

38
Q

Organic molecules

A

Although hydrocarbons are not prevalent in living organisms, many of cell’s _________ have regions of only hydrogen and carbon

38
Q

Thalidomide

A

What drug reduced morning sickness but caused severe birth defects

39
Q

Functional groups

A

Components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions

40
Q

Although hydrocarbons are not prevalent in living organisms, many of cell’s _________ have regions of only hydrogen and carbon

A

Organic molecules

42
Q

Pharmaceutical - two Enantiomers of a drug may not be equally effective

A

Enantiomers are important to what industry because why..

43
Q

Inflexibility of double bonds, which won’t let atoms rotate freely about bond axis

A

What do geometric isomers arise from?

45
Q

Covalent

A

A carbon atom usually completes its valence shell by sharing its 4 electrons by use of _____ bonds

46
Q

Jons Jakob Berzelius

A

Who made the distinction between organic compounds and inorganic compounds?

47
Q

Major elements of life

A

C, H, O, N, S ,P

49
Q

List the variations in carbon skeletons

A

Length, branching, double bonds, and rings

50
Q

Pharmaceutical - two Enantiomers of a drug may not be equally effective

A

Enantiomers are important to what industry because why..

51
Q

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures, thus different properties

A

Isomers

52
Q

Mechanism

A

Vitalism shifted to ______, the view that all natural phenomena are governed by physical and chemical laws

53
Q

in the same plane

A

When two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, all bonds around those carbons are .

54
Q

Carbon chains

A

What forms the skeletons of most organic molecules?

56
Q

Who made the distinction between organic compounds and inorganic compounds?

A

Jons Jakob Berzelius

56
Q

Carbon

A

Most living organisms are made up of what element?

57
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures, thus different properties

58
Q

Organic chemistry

A

Branch of chemistry that specializes in study of carbon compounds

60
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

61
Q

What drug reduced morning sickness but caused severe birth defects

A

Thalidomide

62
Q

Branch of chemistry that specializes in study of carbon compounds

A

Organic chemistry

63
Q

Most living organisms are made up of what element?

A

Carbon

65
Q

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydral, and phosphate groups

A

What are the six functional groups most important to chemistry?

66
Q

Carbon chains

A

What forms the skeletons of most organic molecules?

67
Q

Length, branching, double bonds, and rings

A

List the variations in carbon skeletons

68
Q

A carbon atom usually completes its valence shell by sharing its 4 electrons by use of _____ bonds

A

Covalent

69
Q

Vitalism shifted to ______, the view that all natural phenomena are governed by physical and chemical laws

A

Mechanism

70
Q

Urea, organic compound found in urine of animals

A

When Wohler experimented with ammonium ions and cyanate ions, what did he make instead of expected?

72
Q

Thalidomide

A

What drug reduced morning sickness but caused severe birth defects

73
Q

Acetic acid

A

Kolbe, student of Wohler, later made it by the formation of what

74
Q

Vitalism

A

The new discipline of organic chemistry was built on the foundation of ______, the belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemicals laws

75
Q

The molecular components attatched to that skeleton

A

Distinctive properties of an organic molecule depend not only on the arrangement of its carbon skeleton but also..

76
Q

What forms the skeletons of most organic molecules?

A

Carbon chains

AP Biology (8 decks)

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