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CTech > Chapter 6 Wood work > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Wood work Flashcards

1
Q

Bark

A

Outermost protective layer (A: dead, B: living)

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2
Q

Cambium Layer

A

Source of new wood cells

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3
Q

Sapwood

A

Living cells that store and transport nutrients

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4
Q

Heartwood

A

Dead cells that contribute to structural strength

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5
Q

Pith

A

Innermost, first year’s growth

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6
Q

Annual Growth Rings

A

Result from differences in rate of tree growth and density of cells, from spring to summer

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7
Q

Soft Woods

A
  • From cone-bearing (coniferous) trees
  • Generally, plain figure (pattern of grain and surface features)
  • Mostly originating from North American forests
  • Fast-growing, plentiful, relatively inexpensive
  • Generally soft, easily worked
  • Not all softwoods are soft Douglas Fir is harder some hardwoods
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8
Q

Softwood uses

A
  • structural wood products
  • finish trim, shingles and siding
  • flooring
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9
Q

Hardwoods

A
  • From broadleafed (deciduous) trees
  • Often more interesting figure
  • Harvested from around the world
  • Slower growing, generally more expensive than softwoods
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10
Q

Hardwoods Softer

A

Denser, with greater variety of colors and figure
fine trim, paneling
flooring
fine cabinet work, furniture

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11
Q

Certified Wood

A
  • Sustainable forestry management
    • Protect forest ecosystem
    • Maintain long term forest economic viability
    • Some programs also address social responsibilities, for example, the land rights of indigenous peoples.
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12
Q

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

A

Only certifying organization currently recognized for LEED certification

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13
Q

Plain Sawn Cut

A

growth rings roughly parallel to wider face of board

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14
Q

Quarter Sawn Cut

A

growth rings close to perpendicular to wider face of board

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15
Q

Rift Sawing Cut

A

cuts made radially to center of tree

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16
Q

Plain Sawn Lumber

A
  • Broader grain pattern on wide face
  • Greater distortion during drying
  • More uneven surface erosion or wear
  • More efficiently sawn from log; less costly
  • Also called flatsawn, flat grain
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17
Q

Quarter Sawn Lumber

A
  • More narrowly spaced grain pattern on wide face
  • Less distortion during drying
  • More even surface erosion or wear
  • More costly to saw from log
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18
Q

Rift Sawn

A
  • Riftsawn (left): angle of grain falls between perfectly quarter sawn and plainsawn
  • Also called edge sawn, edge grain, vertical grain
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19
Q

Seasoning

A
  • After lumber is sawn, it is seasoned (dried), either in air or in kilns.
  • Seasoned lumber is lighter, stronger, and stiffer than green (unseasoned) lumber.
  • Decay causing fungi cannot survive in wood with a moisture content (MC) below 20%.
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20
Q

Equilibrium Moisture Content

A

Wood eventually dries to equilibrium with the surrounding air, reaching its equilibrium moisture content (EMC).
EMC for exterior uses: 15% - 19%
EMC for interior uses: 5% - 11%

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21
Q

Surfacing

A

Lumber is surfaced to make it smooth and more dimensionally precise.

  • Framing lumber: usually surfaced four sides (S4S)
  • Finish lumber: may be S4S, or surfaced two sides (S2S), the other sides to be sawn and surfaced by the woodworker
  • Surfacing after seasoning (S-DRY): removes some drying distortions
  • Surfacing before seasoning (S-GRN): sometimes more economical; best for wood species that don’t distort excessively as they dry
  • Construction planking: unsurfaced, resulting in a plank that is stronger (no material has been removed) and more slip-resistant
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22
Q

Structural Properties of Wood

A
  • Wood has both useful tensile and compressive strength.
  • Strength varies significantly with direction of grain, species, and presence of knots or other defects.
  • Defect-free wood is close to the strength of steel on a per-weight basis, but typical grades are weaker.
  • Strength also varies with duration of load, moisture content, chemical treatments, temperature, size and shape of piece.
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23
Q

Lumber Dimensions

A

-Actual sizes are less than nominal size. E.g.:
-1x4 actual size is approximately ¾” x 3½”
-2x4 is 1½” x 3½”
In U.S., lumber is priced by the board foot, based on nominal, not actual dimensions:
-12 sq. in. nominal cross-section, 1 foot long = 1 board foot

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24
Q

Standard Wood Sizing

A
  • As woodwork lumber is made in standard thickness, reducing waste by using standard sizing is good practice.
  • Lumber for millwork is measured in ‘quarters’, which refers to ¼” increments.
    • Example: 5/4 lumber is nominally 1-1/4” thick
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25
Q

Plywood

A

Panel product made from an odd number of layers of thin veneer glued together under heat and pressure

- Each layer is laid perpendicular to the previous one, providing much greater strength than a solid wood piece of similar dimension
- Commonly used in finish carpentry, sometimes in millwork construction    - Graded based on quality of face veneer    - Grades N, A, & B used in interior construction, only N is suitable for natural finishes; A is used for painted finishes, and B is used for utility work, etc.    - Composite and laminated wood products are much more dimensionally stable than solid wood
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26
Q

Molding

A
  • Trim used for decorative or functional purposes

- Hundreds of profiles available, Fig. 6.1 shows some common shapes

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27
Q

Gluing for Width

A
  • Gluing for width requires either a ‘tongue and groove’ (shown) or a ‘spline joint
  • ‘reveal’ detail is incorporated into design. This is common practice, as it reduces splitting of the corner fibers of the pieces, and allows for minor alignment imperfections
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28
Q

Veneer

A
  • Thin slice of wood, glued to backing material; particleboard, MDF, and plywood used to hold it flat, provide solid substrate
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29
Q

Flitch

A

individual veneers that come from the same piece of a log.

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30
Q

Methods of Cutting Veneer

A
  • Rotatry Slicing
  • Plain Slicing
  • Quarter Slicing
  • Half-Round Slicing
  • Rift Cut
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31
Q

Rotary Slicing

A

log is spun on lathe, very pronounced grain, least waste

32
Q

Plain Slicing

A

growth rings roughly parallel to wider face of board

33
Q

Quarter Slicing

A

growth rings close to perpendicular to wider face of board

34
Q

Half- Round Slicing

A

: similar to rotary slicing, log is cut in half; characteristics similar to rotary, plain-sliced veneers

35
Q

Rift Cut

A

: log is quartered, then sliced at slight angle to growth rings; accentuates growth rings, vertical grain

36
Q

Cabinetwork

A

Includes custom-manufactured built-in base and upper cabinets, freestanding fixtures, custom shelving
Many types of joints used for millwork construction to increase strength, improve appearance
In most cases, it is possible to eliminate mechanical fasteners (nails, screws) with good joinery design

37
Q

Countertop Construction

A
  • Each layer is laid perpendicular to the previous one, providing much greater strength than a solid wood piece of similar dimension
  • Commonly used in finish carpentry, sometimes in millwork construction
  • Graded based on quality of face veneer
  • Grades N, A, & B used in interior construction, only N is suitable for natural finishes; A is used for painted finishes, and B is used for utility work, etc.
  • Composite and laminated wood products are much more dimensionally stable than solid wood
38
Q

Drawer and Door Front Construction

A

Hundreds of profiles available, Fig. 6.1 shows some common shapes

39
Q

Flush Construction

A

drawer/door face installed flush with face frame; requires extra care in construction, should be installed with adjustable hinges, drawer glides

40
Q

Flush Overlay Construction

A

fronts of doors/drawers overlap face frame of cabinet; only doors and drawers are visible, all are flush with each other. Should be installed with adjustable hinges, drawer glides

41
Q

Reveal Overlay Construction

A

door/drawer fronts separated to reveal face frame behind; reveal varies per design preference. Less expensive, typical of ‘off the shelf’ residential cabinets

42
Q

Upper Cabinet Construction

A
  • Not as deep as base cabinets
  • Underside must be considered as it is visible
  • Residential construction with wood construction allows screws through cabinet back into studs; metal stud systems common to commercial construction require blocking between studs, before framing is covered with gypsum board
  • Top of cabinet may be detailed against ceiling, dropped soffit, or space may be left above cabinet
  • Doors may extend below bottom, to allow finger pull, or to conceal reinforcing member/light fixture concealment trim below cabinet
43
Q

Shelving

A
  • May be mounted on adjustable metal standards, attached to floor mounted cases, or built into wall-hung cases; can also be fitted with doors
  • Many options for edge treatment possible
  • Fixed shelving attached with stop dadoes or concealed, interlocking fastening devices in Premium and Custom grade shelving
  • Economy grade shelving uses through dadoes for fixed shelves
44
Q

Panel Types

A
  • Flush Panels

- Stile and Rail Construction

45
Q

How are panels generally attached ?

A
  • Wood cleats or Z-clips
  • Occasionally, screwed to wall, if trim elements cover fasteners, or if exposed fastener system designed as integral to composition
  • At ceilings, sufficient space for installation over cleat or Z-clip is necessary; usually 3/4” depending on clip size – can be filled or covered with trim if desired
46
Q

Panel Construction

A
  • Flush Panels: smooth surfaces with little trim
  • Edges between panels can be treated as flush joints, which are joined with splines, or with reveals between panels
  • Tight joints should have V-joints or reveals cut into panels to make cracks, movement less noticeable; in humid environments, joint should have gap to allow for expansion/contraction
47
Q

Stile and Rail Construction

A
  • Consists of a frame of solid wood that contains individual panels
  • Traditionally, each panel was made from solid wood; now, most panels veneered
  • Attachment to wall similar to flush panels; sometimes screwed to wall, with molding covering screws, with panels doweled or splined together.
48
Q

Stiles

A

Vertical frame pieces

49
Q

Rails

A

horizontal pieces

50
Q

Sticking

A

Panels are held in place with grooves cut into frame sides, or with individual molding pieces

51
Q

Book Matching

A

most common; as veneers sliced off log, every other piece is turned over, so adjacent leaves form symmetrical pattern

52
Q

Slip Matching

A

consecutive pieces placed side by side with same face sides being exposed

53
Q

Random Matching

A

veneers placed in random sequence, veneers from different flitches may be used

54
Q

Runnning Match

A

alternates pieces regardless of width

55
Q

Warehouse matching

A
  • least expensive
  • assembled from a single flith that yields 6 to 12 panels
  • field cut to fit around the doors, windows . and other obstructions, resulting in some loss gain continuity
  • doors and cabinets cannot e matched with paneling
56
Q

Sequence match

A
  • uniform width manufactured for a specfic job and job with the veneers arranged in sequence
  • trimmed to fit around doors and other obstructions, there is moderate loss of gain continuity
  • doors and cabinets cannot be matched with the paneling
57
Q

blueprint matching

A
  • most expensive
  • fit the room precisely and to line up with every obstruction so the grain continuiy is uninterrupted
  • veneers from the same flitch are matched over door doors, cabinets and others veneer-covered items
58
Q

High- Pressure Decorative Laminates (HPDL)

A
  • often called ‘plastic laminate’
  • Commonly uses MDF substrate; flatter, more expensive than particleboard. MDF is dimensionally stable. Specify formaldehyde-free MDF whenever possible.
59
Q

Laminate Type

A 
General purpose (GP50)
General purpose for vertical surfaces (GP28)
Postforming (PF30, PF 42)
Cabinet liner (CL20)
Backing Sheet (BK20)
60
Q

Specialty Laminates

A 
Specialty laminates
Colorthrough laminates
Fire-Rated laminates
Static dissipative laminates
And many others
61
Q

Special Woodwork Items

A
  • Doors
  • Upholestered Wall Systems
  • Solid Surface Materials
62
Q

Doors

A

Custom doors, exotic veneers, blueprint matching, specially designed doors commonly constructed by millworkers

63
Q

Upholestered Wall Systems

A

Acoustic fabric-wrapped panels often fabricated, installed by woodwork contractor

64
Q

Solid Surface Materials

A
  • Homogeneous, polymer-based surface material; made of filler & clear resin binder
  • Commonly used for kitchen sinks, countertops, places where plastic laminate used
  • Expensive, but quite durable, easy for millworkers to fabricate with same tools as woodwork
65
Q

Finishes

A
  • Opaque Finishes

- Transparent Finishes

66
Q

Opaque Finishes

A
  • Laquer
  • Varnish
  • Polyurethane
  • Polyester
67
Q

Lacquer

A
  • high nitrocellulose content, modified with resins

- easy application, low cost

68
Q

Varnish

A

resinous material dissolved in volatile liquid

- easy application, low cost

69
Q

Polyurethane

A

synthetic finish, very hard, but difficult to repair

- most durable finishes; most expensive; dull to full gloss available in polyurethane

70
Q

Polyester

A

synthetic finish, hardest, most durable finish, difficult to repair
-most durable finishes; most expensive
; polyester is full gloss only

71
Q

Transparent finish

A
  • Lacquer and varnish
  • Vinyl
  • Oils
  • Polyurethane and Polyester
  • Stains
72
Q

Oils

A
  • traditional method, easy to apply, darken with age, require periodic re-oiling
73
Q

Vinyl

A
  • more chemical resistance than lacquer & varnish; scratch/abrasion resistant
74
Q

Stains

A
  • applied prior to final finish to change color, appearance of wood; water & solvent based stains available
75
Q

Millwork

A

Finished carpentry components, such as moldings, doors, cabinets, stairs, etc. manufactured off-site

CTech (18 decks)

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