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Biological Psychology > Chapter 6: Vision > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Vision Flashcards

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1
Q

Pupil

A

opening through centre of eye where light enters

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2
Q

Lens

A

focuses light (adjustable)

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3
Q

Cornea

A

Focuses light (not adjustable)

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4
Q

Retina

A
  • where light is projected onto
  • rear surface of eye
  • lined with visual receptors
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5
Q

Visual path to brain

A

-image is coded by different types of neuronal activity

back of eye -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells-> ganglion axons that join together and travel back to brain

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6
Q

Amackine cells

A

refine and input to ganglion cells and enable them to respond to shapes, movement, and other visual features

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7
Q

Fovea

A
  • acute detailed vision

- each receptor connects to single ganglion cell that has axon to the brain

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8
Q

Midget Ganglion Cells

A
  • small
  • responds to a single cone
  • each cone in fovea is connected to the brain with direct route that registers exact location of input
  • 70% of input provided by midget ganglion cells therefore vision is dominated by what we see in the fovea
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9
Q

process by which three types of cones, and the neurons they connect with, can produce a rich spectrum of perceived color

A

3 types of cones

1) short wavelength
2) medium wavelength
3) long wavelength

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10
Q

Trichromatic or Young Helmholtz Theory

A
  • perceive colour through relative rates of response by the 3 kinds of cones
  • compare the response to cone with response of other cones
  • discriminate wavelengths by ratio of activity across 3 types of cones
    ex) light @550nm excites medium and long receptors equally but not short receptors at all. This ratio determines perception of yellow-green
  • mice only have 1 type of cone and are colourblind
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11
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A
  • perceive colour in terms of opposites
  • brain has a mechanism that perceives colour on a continum
  • cerebral cortex must be responsible for after images not individual receptors
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12
Q

trade-off between acuity for detail and sensitivity to dim light.

A

cones=colour vision, abundant in fovea, useful in bright light, essential for colour vision
rods=good in dim light, abundant in periphery, respond to faint light, not useful in day light because bright light bleaches them
-20:1 more rods than cones
-each cone has own line to brain due to midget ganglion cells
-periphery rod receptors share a line with 10,00-100,00 other rods which is why acuity is not good

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13
Q

Receptive Field

A
  • area in visual space that excites or inhibits it
  • point in space from which light strikes the cell
  • receptive field grows as info becomes more processed (receptive fields converge)
  • cone/rod -> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell
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14
Q

Parvocellular Neuron

A
  • small cell body
  • small receptive field
  • mostly near fovea
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15
Q

Magnocellular neuron

A
  • large cell body
  • large receptive field
  • evenly throughout retina
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16
Q

Koniocellular neuron

A
  • small cell body
  • throughout retina
  • axons from ganglion cells form optic nerve that goes to optic chiasm, where 1/2 axons cross to opposite hemisphere
  • most go into lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
  • when info reaches cortex it becomes more complex
  • info from lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus goes to primary visual cortex in occipital lobe aka Area V1
  • primary visual cortex processes conscious visual perception
17
Q

Simple Cells

A
  • receptive field with fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones
  • more light that shines on excitatory=more cells respond
  • more light that shine in inhibitory zone=less cells respond
18
Q

Complex Cells

A
  • do not respond to exact location of stimulus
  • respond to pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere in its receptive field
  • responds strongly to moving stimulus
19
Q

End stopped or hypercomplex cells

A

-similar to complex but has strong inhibitory area at 1 end of bar shaped receptive field

20
Q

Area V1 neurons respond strongly to…

A

-bar or edge shaped patterns meaning activity of this cell is perception of bar, line, or edge and spatial frequency

21
Q

Feature Detector

A
  • neuron whose responses indicate presence of particular feature
  • 80 brain areas (at least process info)
22
Q

Ventral Stream

A

-what pathway
-specializes in identifying and recognizing objects
ventral and dorsal stream communicate and help each other

23
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

-where pathway
-help motor system locate objects
ventral and dorsal stream communicate and help each other

24
Q

Area V1

A

Primary visual cortex

  • sends info to Area V2 (secondary visual cortex)
  • simple and complex cells
  • connections are reciprocal
  • V1 sends info to V2, V2 returns info to V1
25
Q

Area V2

A
  • processes info and transmits it to additional areas
  • connections are reciprocal
  • V1 sends info to V2, V2 returns info to V1
26
Q

Inferior Temporal Cortex

A
  • responds to identifiable objects
  • cells respond to what the viewer perceives not what the stimulus actually is
  • physically can recognize different views of the same object
27
Q

Area V4

A
  • colour perception

- colour of an object in V4 corresponds to apparent or perceived colour depending on context

28
Q

Motion Perception

A
  • Area MT (middle temporal cortex) aka area V5 and Area MST (middle superior temporal cortex)
  • receive most info from magnocellular path
  • MT=colour insensitive
29
Q

Area MT

A
  • middle temporal cortex
  • responds selectively
  • detects acceleration and absolute speed
  • responds to motion in all dimensions
  • responds to photos of movement
30
Q

Area MST

A
  • middle superior temporal cortex
  • responds best to expansion, contraction, or rotation of large visual scene (dorsal part)
  • message converges to temporal part of MST where cells respond object that moves in relation to its background
  • MST neurons enable you to distinguish between results of eye movement and result of object movements
31
Q

Early visual deprivation: one eye

A
  • deprived experience in one eye: synapses in cortex become unresponsive to input from deprived eye
  • need to fix eye problems in sensitive period or eyes will not adapt or heal as quickly after this period is over
32
Q

Early visual deprivation: two eys

A

-deprived experience in both eyes: when both eyes have no input there is no competition
for at least 3 weeks cortex remains responsive to visual input
-over 3 weeks response starts to become sluggish and lose well defined receptive fields
-eventually visual cortex starts responding to auditory or touch stimuli
-cortical plasticity is greatest in early life but never ends
-need to fix eye problems in sensitive period or eyes will not adapt or heal as quickly after this period is over

33
Q

Strabismus

A
  • eyes do not point in same direction
  • children attend to 1 eye but not the other
  • impacts developing depth perception
  • need to fix eye problems in sensitive period or eyes will not adapt or heal as quickly after this period is over
34
Q

Astigmatism

A
  • blurring of vision for lines in 1 direction caused by asymmetric curvature of eyes
  • need to fix eye problems in sensitive period or eyes will not adapt or heal as quickly after this period is over

Biological Psychology (15 decks)

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