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Biological Psychology > Chapter 11: Reproductive Behaviours > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Reproductive Behaviours Flashcards

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1
Q

three types of sex hormones and the three ways they can exert their effects

A

Steroid Hormones-androgens and estrogens
Testosterone
Progesterone

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2
Q

ways sex hormones can exert their effects

A

Steroid Hormones: androgens and estrogens

  • exert effects in 3 ways
    1) bind to membrane receptors, rapid effects
    2) enter cells and activate certain kind of proteins in cytoplasm
    3) Bind to receptors that bind to chromosomes where they activate or inactivate certain genes .
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3
Q

Testosterone

A

Most common androgen

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4
Q

Estradiol

A

most common estrogen

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5
Q

Progesterone

A

prepare uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum and promotes maintenance of pregnancy

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6
Q

Organizing Effects

A

long lasting structural effects
ie- determine if body develops male or female anatomy in early development
-surge of hormones at puberty

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7
Q

Activating effects

A
  • more temporary

- hormone increase some activity that lasts only while hormone is present

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8
Q

Testosterone

A

-important in differentiation of external genitals,
high testosterone=male pattern
low testosterone=female pattern

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9
Q

Sensitive Period

A

-sensitive period=3-4 months of pregnancy

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10
Q

Injecting Rats with sex hormone

A
  • female rat with testosterone injection mounts and humps sexually receptive females
  • injecting male with estrogen has little impact on genitals
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11
Q

activating roles of hormones on reproductive behaviors and neurotransmitters in certain brain areas

A
  • sex hormones influence development in parts of hypothalamus, amygdala, and other brain areas
  • parts of female hypothalamus generates cyclic pattern of hormone release (menstrual cycle)
  • changes in hormonal secretions influence sexual behaviour within 15 minutes
  • testosterone=essential for male arousal
  • estradiol and projesterone=most effective combo for female
  • sex hormones enhance sensations
  • estrogen increases sensitivity of pudenal nerve (transmits tactile stimulation from vagina and cervix to brain)
  • testosterone increases sensitivity of penis
  • testosterone and estradiol prime MPOA and several other areas to release dopamine
  • burst of dopamine @orgasm from stimulation of D2 receptors
  • high testosterone levels associated with seeking multiple partners
  • increase testosterone= increase sexual drive
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12
Q

hormonal processes that control women’s menstrual cycles and pregnancy, including the effects of birth-control pills

A

-hypothalamus and pituitary gland interact with ovaries to produce menstrual cycle

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13
Q

FSH

A

-promotes growth of follicle in ovary

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14
Q

LH

A

-luteinizing hormone

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15
Q

FSH + LH

A
  • follicle release ovum

- see pg. 335 for diagram and description

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16
Q

Effects of Birth Control Pills

A
  • prevents pregnancy by interfearing with feedback cycle between ovaries and pituitary gland
  • estrogen and progesterone prevents surge fo FSH and LH so ovum is not released and thickens cervical mucus making it harder for sperm to get to ovum
17
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • pituitary hormone
  • stimulates contradictions of uterus during delivery of baby
  • released at orgasm
18
Q

endocrine influences on parental behaviors.

A
  • role of hormones=less central for humans
  • infant rats release chemicals that stiumlate mother’s vomeralnasal organ
  • hormones in early phase compensate for mother’s lack of familiarity with young
  • hormonal changes are NOT necessary for human parental behaviour ex) adoption- parents can still be excellent
19
Q

Mother post delivery

A
  • increases secretion of estradiol and prolactin and decreases progesterone
  • > milk production
  • > retrieving young that wander from nest
  • > inhibits leptin sensitivity so mother can eat more
20
Q

Late pregnancy

A

-increases sensitivity to estradiol and areas responsible for maternal behaviour

21
Q

Vasopressin

A

-important for social behaviour

22
Q

sexual selection

A

genes that make an individual more appealing to other sex increasing probability of reproduction

23
Q

Reasons casual sex

A
  • more men than women seek casual sex with many partners
  • evolutionary reasons/strategies
    1) loyal to 1 human and devote energy to helping her and babies
    2) mate with many women and hope some can raise babies without help
24
Q

Seeking mates

A

-seek mate that is healthy, intelligent, honest, and physically attractive

25
Q

Women seeking mates

A

-seek good providers so they can get help while taking care of offspring

26
Q

Men seeking mates

A
  • men have stronger preference to younger partners

- younger partners remain fertile longer

27
Q

Jealousy

A
  • in most cultures men have been more jealous of women’s infidelities
  • evolutionary reason needs to be certain the offspring in his to pass on hi genes
  • men=more upset by sexual infidelity
  • women=more upset by emotional infidelity
28
Q

Hermaphrodites

A
  • mixture of male and female

- intermediate appearance due to atypical hormone pattern due to low levels of testosterone

29
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

-overdevelopment of adrenal glands from birth

30
Q

Intersexes

A

-sexual development is intermediate

31
Q

Androgen insensitivity/testicular feminization

A

=individuals with XY chromosome have genital appearance of female

32
Q

genetic and hormonal influences on gender identity and sexual orientation

A
  • behavioural and anatomical differences between hetero and homo males
  • reasonable to infer a genetic contribution to sexual orientation
  • hormone levels in adults are nearly the same
  • having an older biological brother if man slightly increases homo orientation
  • stressful experience during pregnancy
  • brain anatomy can be slightly shifted toward female typical (homo men) or male (homo female)
  • mean volume of third interstitial nucleus of anterior hypothalamus is larger in hetero men
33
Q

Hetero males

A
  • taller and heavier than homo

- use distance and direction

34
Q

Homo

A

Use landmarks and are better than hetero at remembering landmarks

Biological Psychology (15 decks)

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