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Evolution > Chapter 6 : Transmission Genetics And The Sources Of Genetic Variation > Flashcards

Chapter 6 : Transmission Genetics And The Sources Of Genetic Variation Flashcards

1
Q

Alleles

A

Different variants of the same gene

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2
Q

Amino acids

A
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3
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA wound around proteins called histones

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4
Q

Chromosomal deletion

A

Entails the loss of a large section of a chromosome

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5
Q

Chromosomal duplication

A

Occurs when a section of a chromosome is duplicated

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6
Q

Cis regulatory elements

A

Affect genes at nearby sites on the same chromosome

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7
Q

Codons

A

Three-base Sequences

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8
Q

Crossing-over

A

The physical exchange of segments of DNA on homologous chromosomes

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9
Q

Distribution of fitness effects

A
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10
Q

Dominant

A
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11
Q

Epigenetic inheritance

A

Heritable across mitosis from one cell generation to the next or even across meiosis from one organismal generation to the next

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12
Q

Exons

A

Stretches of DNA that code for protein products

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13
Q

Frame shift mutation

A

When an insertion or deletion does not occur in a multiple of three nucleotides

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14
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

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15
Q

Gene

A

Sequences of DNA that code for functional products

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16
Q

Genetic code

A
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17
Q

Genotype

A
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18
Q

Heterozygotes

A

Diploid individual with two different alleles at a locus are referred

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19
Q

Histones

A
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20
Q

Homozygotes

A

Diploid Individuals with copies of the same allele at a locus

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21
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Can arise with heterozygote generates an intermediate phenotype

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22
Q

Introns

A

Stretches of DNA that do not normally encode proteins

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23
Q

Inversion

A

Involves a 180° flip in a section of a chromosome

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24
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

States that which allele is passed down to the next generation at one locus, is independent of which allele is passed down to the next generation at another locus

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25
Q

Law of segregation

A

States that each individual has two gene copies at each locus and that these gene copies segregate during gamete production, so that only one gene copy goes into each gamete

26
Q

Locus

A

Location of gene copies in the genome

27
Q

Meiosis

A

Process that begins with a single diploid cell. One round of DNA

28
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

When a base substitution creates a stop codon where there was not one previously

29
Q

Nonsynonymous mutation

A

When a base change specifies the production of a different amino acid

30
Q

Promoter

A

A short DNA sequence before the transcribed part of the gene

31
Q

Recessive

A
32
Q

Regulatory elements

A

Stretches of DNA that influence the rate at which RNA molecules are transcribed from DNA

33
Q

Synonymous mutation

A

When a base change does not alter the amino acid that a codon specifies, silent mutation

34
Q

Trans regulatory elements

A

Modify the expression or activity of genes on a different chromosome

35
Q

Transcription

A

Process where a complementary and antiparallel strand of RNA is synthesized from a strand of DNA

36
Q

Transition

A

When a purine is replaced by a purine or when a pyridine is replaced by a pyridine

37
Q

Translation

A
38
Q

Translocation

A

Mutation in which a section of one chromosome moves to another chromosome

39
Q

Transmission Genetics

A

Mechanisms by which genes are passed from parents to offspring

40
Q

Transversion

A

When a purine replaces a pyrimidine or when a pyrimidine replaces a purine

41
Q

How did the discovery of particulate inheritance resolve a serious concern about Darwin’s theory?

A
42
Q

Why is the genetic code said to be degenerate?

A
43
Q

How does an understanding of DNA, amino acids, and proteins help us understand the evolution of life?

A
44
Q

What is transmission genetics, and how does our understanding of this topic affect the way that we study the process of evolution?

A
45
Q

How does mutation generate genetic variation, and how do mutations affect the evolutionary process?

A
46
Q

What is blending and how does it affect variation?

A

Blending is a disproven idea that genes “blend” together. If it were true, then variation would be lost/consumed.

47
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases that are in DNA?

A
48
Q

What does ribosomal RNA do?

A
49
Q

What does transfer RNA do?

A
50
Q

Enhancers

A

Regulatory elements that increase the rate of transcription

51
Q

Silencers

A

Regulatory elements that decrease the rate of transcription

52
Q

What cellular processes cause segregation and independent assortment of alleles?

A

Meiosis

53
Q

What would cause an exception to segregation and independent assortment of alleles?

A

Whether the loci is linked

54
Q

What are the sources of genetic variation?

A

Sex, migration, mutation

55
Q

Fusion

A

Chromosomes fuse

56
Q

Fission

A

Chromosomes break apart

57
Q

Point mutation

A

Single nucleotide substitution or change

58
Q

Polyploidy

A

More than 2 copies of all chromosomes; common in plants

59
Q

Insertion

A

New base pairs included into DNA strand

60
Q

Deletion

A

Base pairs are deleted

Evolution (17 decks)

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