Chapter 6 : Transmission Genetics And The Sources Of Genetic Variation

Question 1

Alleles

Answer 1

Different variants of the same gene

Question 2

Amino acids

Question 3

Chromatin

Answer 3

DNA wound around proteins called histones

Question 4

Chromosomal deletion

Answer 4

Entails the loss of a large section of a chromosome

Question 5

Chromosomal duplication

Answer 5

Occurs when a section of a chromosome is duplicated

Question 6

Cis regulatory elements

Answer 6

Affect genes at nearby sites on the same chromosome

Question 7

Codons

Answer 7

Three-base Sequences

Question 8

Crossing-over

Answer 8

The physical exchange of segments of DNA on homologous chromosomes

Question 9

Distribution of fitness effects

Question 10

Dominant

Question 11

Epigenetic inheritance

Answer 11

Heritable across mitosis from one cell generation to the next or even across meiosis from one organismal generation to the next

Question 12

Exons

Answer 12

Stretches of DNA that code for protein products

Question 13

Frame shift mutation

Answer 13

When an insertion or deletion does not occur in a multiple of three nucleotides

Question 14

Gametes

Answer 14

Sex cells

Question 15

Gene

Answer 15

Sequences of DNA that code for functional products

Question 16

Genetic code

Question 17

Genotype

Question 18

Heterozygotes

Answer 18

Diploid individual with two different alleles at a locus are referred

Question 19

Histones

Question 20

Homozygotes

Answer 20

Diploid Individuals with copies of the same allele at a locus

Question 21

Incomplete dominance

Answer 21

Can arise with heterozygote generates an intermediate phenotype

Question 22

Introns

Answer 22

Stretches of DNA that do not normally encode proteins

Question 23

Inversion

Answer 23

Involves a 180° flip in a section of a chromosome

Question 24

Law of independent assortment

Answer 24

States that which allele is passed down to the next generation at one locus, is independent of which allele is passed down to the next generation at another locus

Question 25

Law of segregation

Answer 25

States that each individual has two gene copies at each locus and that these gene copies segregate during gamete production, so that only one gene copy goes into each gamete

Question 26

Locus

Answer 26

Location of gene copies in the genome

Question 27

Meiosis

Answer 27

Process that begins with a single diploid cell. One round of DNA

Question 28

Nonsense mutation

Answer 28

When a base substitution creates a stop codon where there was not one previously

Question 29

Nonsynonymous mutation

Answer 29

When a base change specifies the production of a different amino acid

Question 30

Promoter

Answer 30

A short DNA sequence before the transcribed part of the gene

Question 31

Recessive

Question 32

Regulatory elements

Answer 32

Stretches of DNA that influence the rate at which RNA molecules are transcribed from DNA

Question 33

Synonymous mutation

Answer 33

When a base change does not alter the amino acid that a codon specifies, silent mutation

Question 34

Trans regulatory elements

Answer 34

Modify the expression or activity of genes on a different chromosome

Question 35

Transcription

Answer 35

Process where a complementary and antiparallel strand of RNA is synthesized from a strand of DNA

Question 36

Transition

Answer 36

When a purine is replaced by a purine or when a pyridine is replaced by a pyridine

Question 37

Translation

Question 38

Translocation

Answer 38

Mutation in which a section of one chromosome moves to another chromosome

Question 39

Transmission Genetics

Answer 39

Mechanisms by which genes are passed from parents to offspring

Question 40

Transversion

Answer 40

When a purine replaces a pyrimidine or when a pyrimidine replaces a purine

Question 41

How did the discovery of particulate inheritance resolve a serious concern about Darwin's theory?

Question 42

Why is the genetic code said to be degenerate?

Question 43

How does an understanding of DNA, amino acids, and proteins help us understand the evolution of life?

Question 44

What is transmission genetics, and how does our understanding of this topic affect the way that we study the process of evolution?

Question 45

How does mutation generate genetic variation, and how do mutations affect the evolutionary process?

Question 46

What is blending and how does it affect variation?

Answer 46

Blending is a disproven idea that genes "blend" together. If it were true, then variation would be lost/consumed.

Question 47

What are the four nitrogenous bases that are in DNA?

Question 48

What does ribosomal RNA do?

Question 49

What does transfer RNA do?

Question 50

Enhancers

Answer 50

Regulatory elements that increase the rate of transcription

Question 51

Silencers

Answer 51

Regulatory elements that decrease the rate of transcription

Question 52

What cellular processes cause segregation and independent assortment of alleles?

Answer 52

Meiosis

Question 53

What would cause an exception to segregation and independent assortment of alleles?

Answer 53

Whether the loci is linked

Question 54

What are the sources of genetic variation?

Answer 54

Sex, migration, mutation

Question 55

Fusion

Answer 55

Chromosomes fuse

Question 56

Fission

Answer 56

Chromosomes break apart

Question 57

Point mutation

Answer 57

Single nucleotide substitution or change

Question 58

Polyploidy

Answer 58

More than 2 copies of all chromosomes; common in plants

Question 59

Insertion

Answer 59

New base pairs included into DNA strand

Question 60

Deletion

Answer 60

Base pairs are deleted