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Evolution > Chapter 4 : Phylogeny And Evolutionary History > Flashcards

Chapter 4 : Phylogeny And Evolutionary History Flashcards

1
Q

Who developed the taxonomic system?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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2
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

A

Classifying organisms according to their evolutionary histories.

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3
Q

Phylogeny

A

The branching relationships of populations as they give rise to multiple descendant populations over evolutionary time.

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4
Q

What does the study of phylogeny allow?

A

It allows us to reconstruct the tree of life and understand major events in evolutionary history.

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5
Q

Characters

A

Observable characteristics of organisms; anatomical features or behavioral patterns.

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6
Q

Traits

A

Specific values of a character; tall or short.

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7
Q

What type of characters are most commonly used today?

A

DNA sequences

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8
Q

What is the difference between a pedigree and a phylogeny?

A

Pedigree: ancestry of individuals.
- nodes = individuals

Phylogeny: ancestry of populations.
- nodes = populations

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9
Q

Who established the modern approach to classification?

A

Willi Hennig

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10
Q

Tree of life

A

Historical relationships that connect all living things

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11
Q

What are some examples of character?

A

Anatomical features, developmental or embryological processes, behavioral patterns, genetic sequences

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12
Q

What do phylogenies tell us?

A

The ancestry of a population

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13
Q

What do nodes in a phylogeny represent?

A

Populations

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14
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree a hypothesis about?

A

Evolutionary relationships

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15
Q

What is the location and order of phylogenetic tree hypothetically?

A

The way that evolutionary history has unfolded

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16
Q

Taxon

A

A branch tip that represents a group of related organisms

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17
Q

Nodes

A

The branch points where the tree splits

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18
Q

What do nodes represent?

A

Recent common ancestors to the species that come after splitting or branching point

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19
Q

Root

A

The common ancestors to all the species on the tree

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20
Q

Sister taxa

A

Taxa derived from the same node

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21
Q

Polytomy

A

A node with more than two branches arising from it

22
Q

Monophyletic Group

A

A taxonomic group consisting of all descendants of the group’s most common ancestor and no other members

23
Q

Clade

A

A group of species that share a single recent common ancestor

24
Q

Polyphyletic Group

A

Do not represent proper evolutionary clades and no longer used in modern systematics

25
Q

Paraphyletic Group

A

Contains the group’s most common ancestor but not all of its descendants

26
Q

Rooted trees

A

Shows the common lineage from which all the species on the tree are derived is indicated at the base of the tree

27
Q

What does direction in a rooted tree indicate?

A

Passage of time

28
Q

Unrooted tree

A

Do not fully indicate the direction of time

29
Q

What does a phylogram indicate?

A

Evolutionary relationships and the amount of sequence change along each branch by means differing horizontal branch lengths

30
Q

Cladogram

A

Trees that do not have different branch lengths, the branch tips are aligned

31
Q

Phylogram

A

Trees that represent evolutionary change with branch lengths

32
Q

Chronograms

A

Trees that show branch lengths that represent actual time rather than the amount of evolutionary time

33
Q

What does the study of phylogeny rely on?

A

Our observations of traits displayed by organisms

34
Q

What is a homologous trait?

A

A trait that is found in two or more species because those species have a common ancestor

35
Q

What is an analogous trait?

A

A trait that is shared by two or more species because the traits have risen independently in each species not because of a history of common descent

36
Q

What are synamorphies?

A

Shared derived traits

37
Q

What do evolutionary biologists use synamorphies for?

A

To infer the structure of phylogenetic trees

38
Q

Soft polytomy

A

Result of insufficient phylogenetic information

39
Q

Hard polytomy

A

Arises when three or more sampled genes trace their ancestry to a single gene in an ancestral organism

40
Q

What is a node?

A

The point where a phylogenetic tree branches

41
Q

What is a monophyletic group / clade?

A

A taxonomic group that consists of a unique common ancestor and each and every one of its descendant species

42
Q

What does a clade always consist of?

A

A group of species that share a single common ancestor

43
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

A group that includes the common ancestor of all its members but does not contain each and every species that descended from that ancestor

44
Q

What do the branch lengths represent in phylograms?

A

Evolutionary change

45
Q

What are vestigial traits?

A

Those that have no current functionbut appear to have been important in the evolutionary past

46
Q

Outgroup

A

A group with a known evolutionary relationship to the taxon we are studying

47
Q

Synapomorphy

A

A derived trait that is shared in two populations because it was inherited from a recent common ancestor

48
Q

Homoplasy

A

A trait that is similar in two species because of a convergent evolution rather than common ancestry

49
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

A derived trait that has arisen so recently that it appears in only one of two sister taxa

50
Q

Convergent evolution

A

When two or more populations or species become more similar to one another because they are exposed to similar selective conditions and leads to analogous traits

51
Q

Divergent evolution

A

When closely related populations or closely related species diverge from one another because natural selection operates differently on each of them

52
Q

What does the presence of analogous traits reveal?

A

Natural selection generates structurally or functionally similar solutions to similar problems

Evolution (17 decks)

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