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Evolution > Chapter 3 : Natural Selection > Flashcards

Chapter 3 : Natural Selection Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in frequency of individual organisms that differ genetically in one or more traits over time

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2
Q

What does natural selection operate on?

A

Traits (phenotype)

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3
Q

What are traits determined by?

A

Genotype

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4
Q

What are phenotypes controlled by?

A

Gene expression, environmental influence, and interactions of many genes

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5
Q

What is the primary source of genetic variation?

A

Genetic mutation

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6
Q

What is passed on in the process of inheritance?

A

Genes and their mutation

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7
Q

What do some traits cause in relation to fitness?

A

Survival and reproductive advantages

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8
Q

What does the example of the peromyscus polionotus (beach mice) illustrate?

A

Phenotypic variation

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9
Q

What does the a-MSH do to produce eumelanin?

A

It binds to Mc1R

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10
Q

What does the a-MSH produce?

A

Eumelanin (brown)

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11
Q

What does the ASP do to produce phaeomelanin (light)?

A

It blocks the a-MSH

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12
Q

What does ASP produce?

A

Phacomelanin

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13
Q

What does a mutation do to a protein?

A

Changes its shape and function

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14
Q

What can a mutation in the Mc1R gene lead to?

A

It inhibits a-msh binding and therefore alters phenotype frequencies

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15
Q

How does a phenotype that better matches and organisms environment affect them?

A

Higher fitness and higher ability to produce offspring more likely

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16
Q

What level does evolution by natural selection operate on?

A

The population level

17
Q

What does natural selection do to populations over time?

A

Changes the frequencies of phenotypes/genotypes

18
Q

What does fitness mean in terms of evolution?

A

The success of an entity in leaving descendants (their genes and alleles) to the next generation

19
Q

What is another strong driving force in evolution?

A

Random processes like the environment suddenly shrinking

20
Q

What does evolution by natural selection lack?

A

Foresight, meaning that it operates on current conditions and genetic variation

21
Q

What is modern synthesis?

A

The combination of the principles of Mendelian genetics with evolution by natural selection

22
Q

What is the norm of reaction?

A

A curve that represents the phenotype expressed by a given genotype as a function of environmental conditions

23
Q

What is an adaptive trait?

A

Traits that enhance the ability to survive andreproduce in a given environment

24
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects

25
Q

What is antagonistic pleiotropy?

A

The same gene that codes for beneficial effects also codes for deleterious effects in other contexts

26
Q

What did Lenski’s E.coli experiment show?

A
27
Q

What are the three conditions of natural selection?

A

Variation, inheritance, and differential

Evolution (17 decks)

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