Chapter 6 - Theorizing About Youth Crime and Delinquency

Question 1

Refers to the group of theories that begins with the assumption that structures of power and oppression are the source of crime (race, class, gender, and to some extent, age structures in society).

Answer 1

Critical Personative on Crime

Question 2

The practice of moving individuals from institutional strings into community facilities and programs.

Answer 2

Decarceration

Question 3

Refers to assumptions about society as being free of disorder.

Answer 3

Social Order

Question 4

The ability of a person or group to force others to do what they wish.

Answer 4

Power

Question 5

The process whereby a person or group comes to be officially and/or publicly known as “criminal”.

Answer 5

Criminalization

Question 6

An event involving the convergence of a motivated offender, a suitable target(s), and the absence of controls.

Answer 6

Criminal Event

Question 7

Attempts to explain crime and delinquency through notions of imitation and modelling.

Answer 7

Social-Learning Theory

Question 8

Posits that relationships between delinquent behaviour and other variables are not unidirectional, but rather are bidirectional.

Answer 8

Interactional Theory

Question 9

The negative outcome experienced by people due to physical force by an oppressor or structural arrangements (law and political policy) that remove or restrict their rights.

Answer 9

Oppression

Question 10

The theory that children undergo a succession of role and status changes as they grow older.

Answer 10

Lifecourse Theory

Question 11

The theory that people possess varying degrees of useful and valuable social goods (supportive family and neighbours and an education or good grades in school).

Answer 11

Social-Capitol Theory

Question 12

Investments in institutional relationships, such as family, work, and school.

Answer 12

Social Capital

Question 13

Type of offender (about 5% of young offenders) who begins with childhood biting and hitting at around age 4, and whose behaviour escalates and continues to such adulthood occurences as violent assault, spouse battery; and abandonment, neglect, or abuse of children.

Answer 13

Life Course-Persistent

Question 14

Type of offender (the majority of young offenders) who does not have childhood history of antisocial behaviour, but engage in this behaviour only in adolescence, only inconsistently, and only when it is rewarding and/or profitable to do so.

Answer 14

Adolescence-Limited

Question 15

Attempts to explain criminal behaviour by understanding the processes whereby individuals acquire and become committed to deviant roles.

Answer 15

Role Theory

Question 16

Describes terms that are assumed to refer to both males and females (gangs).

Answer 16

Androgynous

Question 17

A belief that crime rates are lower for women and girls because people are less likely to view their behaviour as criminal.

Answer 17

Chivalry Hypothesis

Question 18

A belief that women’s and girls’ criminal behaviour is becoming more like that of men and boys because of the women’s liberation movement.

Answer 18

Liberation Hypothesis

Question 19

Attempts to explain class and gender differences in delinquency by the structure of family relations, whether egalitarian or patriarchal.

Answer 19

Power-Control Theory

Question 20

A set of structural relations that creates, reinforces, and perpetuates male dominance and control over women.

Answer 20

Patriarchy

Question 21

An ethical or moral standard based on nurturing attitudes of caring for the welfare and well-being of others.

Answer 21

Care Ethics

Question 22

The study of signs and symbols.

Answer 22

Semiotics

Question 23

A method of interpreting texts, movies, TV programs, and other cultural symbols and practices.

Answer 23

Deconstruction