Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 241 SOCIAL PSYCH > Chapter 6 - The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Day to day experience - specific things we believe, say, and do - this is self-consistency at the _______ level.

A

micro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The idea that people don’t like inconsistencies in their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviour and they will try to bias their own attitudes and beliefs to deny inconsistencies.

A

Cognitive dissonance theory

  • inconsistency in who i am bad.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when two cognitions contradict or are inconsistent with each other one experiences something called ________ (2).

A

cognitive DISSONANCE

  • eg: i am a peaceful person but i just punched someone in the face -> cognitive dissonance -> why did i do that wtf
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 Ways to reduce dissonance

A
  1. change one of the cognitions
  2. add a third cognition that makes the first 2 cognitions more aligned
  3. Disregard the importance of all the cognitions - trivialize - “welp it doesn’t even matter fr anyways”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 dissonance paradigms (laboratory situations):

A
  1. Free choice paradigm
  2. Induced compliance paradigm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lab situation where people make a choice between 2 options and after that the attraction to either option is assessed (3).

  • the idea that the harder it is to make a choice, the more dissonance there will be after the choice was made -> the one i chose has some negative aspects but the one i rejected has some positive aspects :(((
A

Free choice paradigm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Putting more emphasis on the good aspects of your chosen option and more emphasis on the negatives of your rejected option -> make yourself feel more secure about the choice.

(Related to the free choice paradigm)

A

spreading the alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

High dissonance condition example for yourself in the free choice paradigm.

Low dissonance condition example for yourself in the free choice paradigm.

A
  • would you rather have Chloe or Elisha die -> I’m not gonna think about this right now cause I know it would cause insane dissonance in my head to actually choose one and i would lose it
  • do you want an apple or an orange right now
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Paying people $20 to tell people hour long boring tasks were fun -> less cognitive dissonance bc legit reward

Vs.

Paying people $1 to tell people hour long boring tasks were fun -> more cognitive dissonance bc $1 is not worth the hour of boredom

Lab exercise called (3):

A

induced compliance paradigm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A laboratory situation in which participants are induced or motivated to engage in a behaviour that runs counter to their true attitudes.

A

induced compliance paradigm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Factors that affect the magnitude of dissonance (4):

A
  1. Weak external justification -> $20 strong external; $1 weak
  2. Prescence of perceived choice
  3. Commitment to action against beliefs
  4. Foreseeable Aversive Consequences - this is gonna mess something up in the future why am I doing this - like when i said “do it for the plot” - so stupid, idiot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cultural influences on cognitive dissonance -> group of people who are more cognitive dissonance wise freaked out by PUBLIC displays of inconsistency

A

collectivistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Induced hypocrisy paradigm

expected to produce more _______ within the individuals (2).

A

make people feel bad about preaching and believing in something but being hypocrites to it themselves

cognitive dissonance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

inducing hypocrisy in myself:

A

it sucks that theres such a disparity between the rich and poor some people don’t even have water and yet people in North America use it so frivolously

And the environment bad for the environment

Me i use it too frivolously, i can’t stop taking long hot showers, bruh -> taking shorter showers idiot if you actually care about other people and the way we’re using 1.6 earths every year when we only have one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

I suffered for my country
What I suffered for was valuable
(2)

A

effort justification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phenomenon where people reduce cognitive dissonance by convincing themselves what they suffered for was valuable (2).

the reward seems better if you put more effort into trying to achieve it

A

effort justification

  • me when i say studying is valuable. In fact i love studying. I love it. So fun.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Frat houses put pledges or whatever they’re called through crazy or embarrassing or difficult initiations to build loyalty. This is due to _________ (2) .

A

effort justification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Using a minimal level of external justification necessary to deter unwanted behaviour. -> minimal consequence makes it more likely to decrease desire to do something while severe consequence can make the thing seem more special

A

minimal deterrence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Misattribution of arousal

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Self consistency at the macro level consists of

A

sustaining a sense of self as a unified whole - how we integrate the micro level self concepts into the macro one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Having a clearly defined, internally consistent, temporally stable self-concept

A

self-concept clarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Someone who’s identity is molded by the world and whatever people say to her has

A

a low self-concept clarity

And honestly I think I’ve been changing that soo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Self-verification

A

seeking out others and social situations that confirm the way they view themselves

  • can be extremely good or extremely bad
  • extremely good in the way that people with high self-clarity will find people who reinforce that high self-clarity (treat them how they think they deserve)
  • but people with low self-clarity like people with identity issues will find people who reinforce that low self-clarity (treat them badly or whatever)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The extent to which an individual’s self-concept consisted of many different aspects.

3 aspects:

A

self-complexity

  1. Social roles
  2. Relationships
  3. Activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Self-narrative

A
  • life story
  • draw my life
  • past, present, what those mean for the future
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Connecting past to present to future - figuring out the because and the WHY, helping us cope

A

self narratives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

that time Jen drew what she wanted to look like in a year; when people manifest what they want to be like (2)

A

possible selves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The level of positive feeling you have about yourself, the extent to which you value yourself.

A

self-esteem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

self-esteem as a trait

A

consistent attitude towards yourself for your whole life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

self-esteem as a state

A

feeling about the self that can fluctuate based on circumstances, achievements, or setbacks

  • idk i like this definition better because it makes me feel like i can change and get better
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Stability of trait self esteem depends on (3 variables):

A
  1. reflected appraisals/assessments
  2. Social comparisons
  3. Standards of value
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

self-serving attributional bias

goal of self-serving attributional bias

A

make external (situational) attributions for bad things people do but internal attributions for their good things

maintain self esteem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

placing obstacles in the way of your success to protect your self-esteem from potential failure

A

self-handicapping

“i didn’t even study and i still got an 85!”

this is stupid i need to stop doing this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Self-handicapping stems from uncertainty about one’s __________ (1).

A

competence

  • real i do this all the time and i feel incompetent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do i self handicap:

A
  • procrastination - “i waited till the last minute to study and i still got an 80!” “I didn’t do so well on this test but at least i know it was because I didn’t put enough effort in; this doesn’t mean I’m stupid”
  • generating test anxiety - i was soooo anxious i couldnt even study on time so the fact that i did is great in itself
  • i have mental health issues so the fact that i actually made it this far in life is incredible when you take my extreme mental issues into consideration

I need to stop doing this and causing stress in my life like literally what the hell did i spend a whole week on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Better-than-average effect

A

people overestimate the frequency of their own good deeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Form of self esteem defence in which you view others as also having the negative characteristics you have

A

projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Compensating by striving very hard to improve in valuable domains of life -> you probably have an

A

inferiority complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

when people feel threatened, they feel incomplete, and compensate by trying to acquire symbols that support their self-definition (5). (Theory of….)

A

theory of symbolic self-completion

Eg: someone who feels like they don’t deserve to be in UofA starts wearing their UofA hoodie more often

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

I suck at volleyball but at least I’m good at art.

I am ugly but at least I’m good at cooking.

I am practicing (2):

A

fluid compensation

41
Q

self-affirmation theory (tied to fluid compensation)

A

the idea that people respond less defensively to threats to one trait they have if they think about other valued traits they possess

42
Q

BIRG - Bask In Reflected Glory

A

Associating oneself with successful others to help bolster one’s own self esteem.

If I belong with these people, then I probably assume most of the good traits these people have.

43
Q

The idea that people adjust their perceived similarity to other successful people to minimize threatening comparisons and maximize self-esteem supporting identifications.

Who made this model.

A

self-evaluation maintenance model

Abe Tesser

Eg: As someone who does art i feel more threatened by people who also do art and less threatened by people who are good at something I know less about. Bc of this, more likely to be more amicable towards the person who’s good at something I don’t do.

44
Q

the better you are at something, the more likely you are to see your mistakes

A

self-evaluation maintenance

45
Q

the idea of using self esteem to manage the terror of death and life ending (terror management theory)

A

anxiety buffer

  • wanting to be me something beyond death
46
Q

the idea that self esteem allows people to face threats with less apprehension or doubt.

A

self esteem as an ANXIETY BUFFER

47
Q

The idea that a basic function of self-esteem is to indicate to the individual if the sociometer is full or not (have you been socially accepted and okay as of late)

A

Sociometer model

48
Q

Barkow’s Status maximizing perspective

A

self esteem feeds into desire to stand out and be better which feeds into self-esteem

49
Q

Leary and Baumeister’s sociometer model

A

self esteem functions as a measure of how well you’re doing with the people around you
-> looking for acceptance and fitting in

50
Q

what region of the brain activates when you’re being excluded (think abt cyberball lol)

A

anterior cingulate cortex

Dorsal ACC

  • area responsible for detecting when a situation isn’t meeting our goals
  • also activated when people experience physical pain
51
Q

relying on extrinsic sources of self esteem like appearance leads to more unstable self esteem

Conversely:

A

relying on intrisnsic sources of self esteem, like personality, leads to more stable self esteem

this is why im unstable i need to stop taht too fr

52
Q

this person is better than me

A

upward social comparison

53
Q

this person is worse than me

A

downward social comparison

54
Q

Damn no wonder i have BPD i have low self-esteem and unstable self-esteem.

A
55
Q

3 elements of self-compassion:

A
  1. Being kind to yourself
  2. Recognition that everyone fails or makes mistakes
  3. mindfulness + acceptance
56
Q

using theatre as a metaphor to understand how people behave in everyday social situations - scripts, masks, script

  • if all the actors know the script well, socialization will flow smoothly
A

dramaturgical perspective

57
Q

Kids learn their scripts and roles (how to act in different situations) through ____________ (1).

A

socialization

58
Q

Well-practiced scripts following the implicit rules and norms of society

A

sincere performances

59
Q

Conscious attempts to perform in a specific way to make a particular impression

A

cynical performances

(Can become sincere ones if practiced thoroughly enough)

60
Q

EXAMPLES of cynical performances

A
  • job interviews
  • first dates
61
Q

Self-Presentational Strategies (4)

A
  1. Honing an Image
  2. Audience Segregation
  3. Face (saving face)
  4. Lying
62
Q

the differences in the amount of sensitivity towards keeping an image and how motivated people are in putting effort into strategic self-presentation

A

self-monitoring

63
Q

The belief that people are more focused on us than they actually are.

A

spotlight effect

  • yeah we’re observed more than we think but no one actually gives a shit about
64
Q

the idea that people are often better than they think at hiding internal feelings

A

illusion of transparency

  • when I was in piano people probably didn’t notice JUST how anxious I was, they usually thought I played fine
65
Q

Goals of maintaining Self-Presentation

A
  1. Maintain desired self-image
  2. Support the meaningfulness of social interactions
  3. Self-improvement and personal growth
66
Q

what branch of psychology does the idea that people are naturally motivated to improve themselves towards SELF ACTUALIZATION come from?

A

humanistic psychology

67
Q

the idea that people function best when they feel that their actions are self-motivated rather than forced by external influences

A

self-determination theory

68
Q

the idea that people function best when they feel that their actions are self-motivated rather than forced by external influences

A

self-determination theory

69
Q

motivating yourself; self-determined motivation; action originating from own desires

A

intrinsic motivation

70
Q

Belief that actions are being controlled by external forces

A

extrinsic motivation

71
Q

what is the villain stopping us from reaching our full potential in self-determination theory??

A

the social world

72
Q

taking a date to a scary movie to get them to feel more alert and excited around you (get the heart rate up) is an example of inducing dissonance through _____________ (3).

A

misattribution of arousal

73
Q

the 3 basic needs necessary for feeling self-determined

A
  1. Relatedness - being meaningfully connected with others
  2. Autonomy - feeling that one has a choice
  3. Competence - feeling effective in what one does
74
Q

people who view themselves as being in control of their actions and outcomes have an ___________ (3).

Conversely:

A
  • internal locus of control

People who view their lives as being controlled by fate have an external locus of control.

75
Q

3 types of positive illusions about the self:

A
  1. Self
  2. Control
  3. Optimism
76
Q

When people attribute their reason for doing something to a salient external incentive, while disregarding their own intrinsic motivation and enjoyment of the task.

A

overjustification effect

  • i enjoyed drawing less when i would draw for likes and followers than when i drew for myself
  • less stressful to draw for myself fr
77
Q

the feeling of being completely absorbed in an activity; full engagement, concentration, focus

A

flow
getting in the flow

78
Q

Downplaying own ability to lower expectations or openly predicting failure

A

sandbagging

79
Q

when challenge is too high we get anxious but when it’s too low we get bored. The perfect balance between that is known as (1):

A

flow

(This is why things are done in levels/progressive overload)

80
Q

When people face stressful situations thinking they have the resources to overcome it they feel _____________ which leads to growth. But when they feel like they do not have the resources, they feel _____________.

A

Challenged, threatened

Example:
- me feeling challenged by psych and Chinese -> did well
- me feeling threatened by stats and 2nd Econ midterm -> so bad

81
Q

the tendency to distance past personal failures and make our past personal successes seem closer together than they actually are is a feature of (3):

A

past self comparison

82
Q

Being in a good mood lets you do better at things - think of example

A
  • one group watched funny film
  • other group watched neutral
  • both asked to solve difficult problem after
  • the group that watched the funny film solved it more often than the neutral film group
83
Q

According to the humanistic self-determination theory, being challenged and having fun promote creativity and ______.

A

growth

84
Q

The state of being and acting fully in the current moment.

A

mindfulness

85
Q

Being attentive to the present moment/what you’re actively involved with

A

mindfulness

86
Q

the idea that good things will happen to the worthy and bad things will happen to the unworthy

A

just-world beliefs/theory

87
Q

ways to expand self (3):

A
  1. Challenging
  2. Fun
  3. Novel

Challenging, fun, novel

88
Q

how would a collectivist approach their terror management (regarding death)

A

finding self-esteem and self worth in their community and other people

89
Q

Why do employers often seek to increase cultural diversity in the workplace?

A

novel experiences expands creativity, knowledge, worldview

90
Q

Mortality salience hypothesis

A

Cultural worldview protects against death
- death reminders should cause people to bolster worldviews OR self-esteem

91
Q

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

GETTING REJECTEDD

approach or don’t? - approaching a potential romantic interest, they give you a bad look, you back off

92
Q

Approach-approach

A

two good choices
two events happening on the same day - either or

93
Q

avoidance-avoidance

A

looming test and studying for that
both are kinda meh

94
Q
  1. Stereotype threat
  2. Mortality salience threat

these are types of (2):

A

self-esteem threats

95
Q

__________ should protect against self-esteem threats (2)

A

self affirmation

96
Q
  1. Terror Management Theory
  2. Self-Affirmation Theory
  3. Belonging
  4. Control
  5. Meaning

These are all:

A

possible ultimate motives + HOW SELF ESTEEM MANAGES US
- macro level

97
Q

ultimate motive

A

something that controls why we do anything in life - this is the why

98
Q

when we have an expectation about what a face looks like and the face is almost there but not quite completely human…

A

uncanny valley

99
Q

transmogrifying experimenter

A

2 different people - only 5% of people noticed

PSYCH 241 SOCIAL PSYCH (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions