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PSYCH 241 SOCIAL PSYCH > Chapter 6 - The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

Day to day experience - specific things we believe, say, and do - this is self-consistency at the _______ level.

A

micro

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2
Q

The idea that people don’t like inconsistencies in their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviour and they will try to bias their own attitudes and beliefs to deny inconsistencies.

A

Cognitive dissonance theory

  • inconsistency in who i am bad.
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3
Q

when two cognitions contradict or are inconsistent with each other one experiences something called ________ (2).

A

cognitive DISSONANCE

  • eg: i am a peaceful person but i just punched someone in the face -> cognitive dissonance -> why did i do that wtf
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4
Q

3 Ways to reduce dissonance

A
  1. change one of the cognitions
  2. add a third cognition that makes the first 2 cognitions more aligned
  3. Disregard the importance of all the cognitions - trivialize - “welp it doesn’t even matter fr anyways”
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5
Q

2 dissonance paradigms (laboratory situations):

A
  1. Free choice paradigm
  2. Induced compliance paradigm
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6
Q

Lab situation where people make a choice between 2 options and after that the attraction to either option is assessed (3).

  • the idea that the harder it is to make a choice, the more dissonance there will be after the choice was made -> the one i chose has some negative aspects but the one i rejected has some positive aspects :(((
A

Free choice paradigm

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7
Q

Putting more emphasis on the good aspects of your chosen option and more emphasis on the negatives of your rejected option -> make yourself feel more secure about the choice.

(Related to the free choice paradigm)

A

spreading the alternatives

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8
Q

High dissonance condition example for yourself in the free choice paradigm.

Low dissonance condition example for yourself in the free choice paradigm.

A
  • would you rather have Chloe or Elisha die -> I’m not gonna think about this right now cause I know it would cause insane dissonance in my head to actually choose one and i would lose it
  • do you want an apple or an orange right now
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9
Q

Paying people $20 to tell people hour long boring tasks were fun -> less cognitive dissonance bc legit reward

Vs.

Paying people $1 to tell people hour long boring tasks were fun -> more cognitive dissonance bc $1 is not worth the hour of boredom

Lab exercise called (3):

A

induced compliance paradigm

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10
Q

A laboratory situation in which participants are induced or motivated to engage in a behaviour that runs counter to their true attitudes.

A

induced compliance paradigm

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11
Q

Factors that affect the magnitude of dissonance (4):

A
  1. Weak external justification -> $20 strong external; $1 weak
  2. Prescence of perceived choice
  3. Commitment to action against beliefs
  4. Foreseeable Aversive Consequences - this is gonna mess something up in the future why am I doing this - like when i said “do it for the plot” - so stupid, idiot
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12
Q

Cultural influences on cognitive dissonance -> group of people who are more cognitive dissonance wise freaked out by PUBLIC displays of inconsistency

A

collectivistic

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13
Q

Induced hypocrisy paradigm

expected to produce more _______ within the individuals (2).

A

make people feel bad about preaching and believing in something but being hypocrites to it themselves

cognitive dissonance

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14
Q

inducing hypocrisy in myself:

A

it sucks that theres such a disparity between the rich and poor some people don’t even have water and yet people in North America use it so frivolously

And the environment bad for the environment

Me i use it too frivolously, i can’t stop taking long hot showers, bruh -> taking shorter showers idiot if you actually care about other people and the way we’re using 1.6 earths every year when we only have one

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15
Q

I suffered for my country
What I suffered for was valuable
(2)

A

effort justification

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16
Q

Phenomenon where people reduce cognitive dissonance by convincing themselves what they suffered for was valuable (2).

the reward seems better if you put more effort into trying to achieve it

A

effort justification

  • me when i say studying is valuable. In fact i love studying. I love it. So fun.
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17
Q

Frat houses put pledges or whatever they’re called through crazy or embarrassing or difficult initiations to build loyalty. This is due to _________ (2) .

A

effort justification

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18
Q

Using a minimal level of external justification necessary to deter unwanted behaviour. -> minimal consequence makes it more likely to decrease desire to do something while severe consequence can make the thing seem more special

A

minimal deterrence

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19
Q

Misattribution of arousal

A
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20
Q

Self consistency at the macro level consists of

A

sustaining a sense of self as a unified whole - how we integrate the micro level self concepts into the macro one

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21
Q

Having a clearly defined, internally consistent, temporally stable self-concept

A

self-concept clarity

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22
Q

Someone who’s identity is molded by the world and whatever people say to her has

A

a low self-concept clarity

And honestly I think I’ve been changing that soo

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23
Q

Self-verification

A

seeking out others and social situations that confirm the way they view themselves

  • can be extremely good or extremely bad
  • extremely good in the way that people with high self-clarity will find people who reinforce that high self-clarity (treat them how they think they deserve)
  • but people with low self-clarity like people with identity issues will find people who reinforce that low self-clarity (treat them badly or whatever)
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24
Q

The extent to which an individual’s self-concept consisted of many different aspects.

3 aspects:

A

self-complexity

  1. Social roles
  2. Relationships
  3. Activities
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25
Q

Self-narrative

A
  • life story
  • draw my life
  • past, present, what those mean for the future
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26
Q

Connecting past to present to future - figuring out the because and the WHY, helping us cope

A

self narratives

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27
Q

that time Jen drew what she wanted to look like in a year; when people manifest what they want to be like (2)

A

possible selves

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28
Q

The level of positive feeling you have about yourself, the extent to which you value yourself.

A

self-esteem

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29
Q

self-esteem as a trait

A

consistent attitude towards yourself for your whole life

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30
Q

self-esteem as a state

A

feeling about the self that can fluctuate based on circumstances, achievements, or setbacks

  • idk i like this definition better because it makes me feel like i can change and get better
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31
Q

Stability of trait self esteem depends on (3 variables):

A
  1. reflected appraisals/assessments
  2. Social comparisons
  3. Standards of value
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32
Q

self-serving attributional bias

goal of self-serving attributional bias

A

make external (situational) attributions for bad things people do but internal attributions for their good things

maintain self esteem

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33
Q

placing obstacles in the way of your success to protect your self-esteem from potential failure

A

self-handicapping

“i didn’t even study and i still got an 85!”

this is stupid i need to stop doing this

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34
Q

Self-handicapping stems from uncertainty about one’s __________ (1).

A

competence

  • real i do this all the time and i feel incompetent
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35
Q

How do i self handicap:

A
  • procrastination - “i waited till the last minute to study and i still got an 80!” “I didn’t do so well on this test but at least i know it was because I didn’t put enough effort in; this doesn’t mean I’m stupid”
  • generating test anxiety - i was soooo anxious i couldnt even study on time so the fact that i did is great in itself
  • i have mental health issues so the fact that i actually made it this far in life is incredible when you take my extreme mental issues into consideration

I need to stop doing this and causing stress in my life like literally what the hell did i spend a whole week on

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36
Q

Better-than-average effect

A

people overestimate the frequency of their own good deeds

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37
Q

Form of self esteem defence in which you view others as also having the negative characteristics you have

A

projection

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38
Q

Compensating by striving very hard to improve in valuable domains of life -> you probably have an

A

inferiority complex

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39
Q

when people feel threatened, they feel incomplete, and compensate by trying to acquire symbols that support their self-definition (5). (Theory of….)

A

theory of symbolic self-completion

Eg: someone who feels like they don’t deserve to be in UofA starts wearing their UofA hoodie more often

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40
Q

I suck at volleyball but at least I’m good at art.

I am ugly but at least I’m good at cooking.

I am practicing (2):

A

fluid compensation

41
Q

self-affirmation theory (tied to fluid compensation)

A

the idea that people respond less defensively to threats to one trait they have if they think about other valued traits they possess

42
Q

BIRG - Bask In Reflected Glory

A

Associating oneself with successful others to help bolster one’s own self esteem.

If I belong with these people, then I probably assume most of the good traits these people have.

43
Q

The idea that people adjust their perceived similarity to other successful people to minimize threatening comparisons and maximize self-esteem supporting identifications.

Who made this model.

A

self-evaluation maintenance model

Abe Tesser

Eg: As someone who does art i feel more threatened by people who also do art and less threatened by people who are good at something I know less about. Bc of this, more likely to be more amicable towards the person who’s good at something I don’t do.

44
Q

the better you are at something, the more likely you are to see your mistakes

A

self-evaluation maintenance

45
Q

the idea of using self esteem to manage the terror of death and life ending (terror management theory)

A

anxiety buffer

  • wanting to be me something beyond death
46
Q

the idea that self esteem allows people to face threats with less apprehension or doubt.

A

self esteem as an ANXIETY BUFFER

47
Q

The idea that a basic function of self-esteem is to indicate to the individual if the sociometer is full or not (have you been socially accepted and okay as of late)

A

Sociometer model

48
Q

Barkow’s Status maximizing perspective

A

self esteem feeds into desire to stand out and be better which feeds into self-esteem

49
Q

Leary and Baumeister’s sociometer model

A

self esteem functions as a measure of how well you’re doing with the people around you
-> looking for acceptance and fitting in

50
Q

what region of the brain activates when you’re being excluded (think abt cyberball lol)

A

anterior cingulate cortex

Dorsal ACC

  • area responsible for detecting when a situation isn’t meeting our goals
  • also activated when people experience physical pain
51
Q

relying on extrinsic sources of self esteem like appearance leads to more unstable self esteem

Conversely:

A

relying on intrisnsic sources of self esteem, like personality, leads to more stable self esteem

this is why im unstable i need to stop taht too fr

52
Q

this person is better than me

A

upward social comparison

53
Q

this person is worse than me

A

downward social comparison

54
Q

Damn no wonder i have BPD i have low self-esteem and unstable self-esteem.

A
55
Q

3 elements of self-compassion:

A
  1. Being kind to yourself
  2. Recognition that everyone fails or makes mistakes
  3. mindfulness + acceptance
56
Q

using theatre as a metaphor to understand how people behave in everyday social situations - scripts, masks, script

  • if all the actors know the script well, socialization will flow smoothly
A

dramaturgical perspective

57
Q

Kids learn their scripts and roles (how to act in different situations) through ____________ (1).

A

socialization

58
Q

Well-practiced scripts following the implicit rules and norms of society

A

sincere performances

59
Q

Conscious attempts to perform in a specific way to make a particular impression

A

cynical performances

(Can become sincere ones if practiced thoroughly enough)

60
Q

EXAMPLES of cynical performances

A
  • job interviews
  • first dates
61
Q

Self-Presentational Strategies (4)

A
  1. Honing an Image
  2. Audience Segregation
  3. Face (saving face)
  4. Lying
62
Q

the differences in the amount of sensitivity towards keeping an image and how motivated people are in putting effort into strategic self-presentation

A

self-monitoring

63
Q

The belief that people are more focused on us than they actually are.

A

spotlight effect

  • yeah we’re observed more than we think but no one actually gives a shit about
64
Q

the idea that people are often better than they think at hiding internal feelings

A

illusion of transparency

  • when I was in piano people probably didn’t notice JUST how anxious I was, they usually thought I played fine
65
Q

Goals of maintaining Self-Presentation

A
  1. Maintain desired self-image
  2. Support the meaningfulness of social interactions
  3. Self-improvement and personal growth
66
Q

what branch of psychology does the idea that people are naturally motivated to improve themselves towards SELF ACTUALIZATION come from?

A

humanistic psychology

67
Q

the idea that people function best when they feel that their actions are self-motivated rather than forced by external influences

A

self-determination theory

68
Q

the idea that people function best when they feel that their actions are self-motivated rather than forced by external influences

A

self-determination theory

69
Q

motivating yourself; self-determined motivation; action originating from own desires

A

intrinsic motivation

70
Q

Belief that actions are being controlled by external forces

A

extrinsic motivation

71
Q

what is the villain stopping us from reaching our full potential in self-determination theory??

A

the social world

72
Q

taking a date to a scary movie to get them to feel more alert and excited around you (get the heart rate up) is an example of inducing dissonance through _____________ (3).

A

misattribution of arousal

73
Q

the 3 basic needs necessary for feeling self-determined

A
  1. Relatedness - being meaningfully connected with others
  2. Autonomy - feeling that one has a choice
  3. Competence - feeling effective in what one does
74
Q

people who view themselves as being in control of their actions and outcomes have an ___________ (3).

Conversely:

A
  • internal locus of control

People who view their lives as being controlled by fate have an external locus of control.

75
Q

3 types of positive illusions about the self:

A
  1. Self
  2. Control
  3. Optimism
76
Q

When people attribute their reason for doing something to a salient external incentive, while disregarding their own intrinsic motivation and enjoyment of the task.

A

overjustification effect

  • i enjoyed drawing less when i would draw for likes and followers than when i drew for myself
  • less stressful to draw for myself fr
77
Q

the feeling of being completely absorbed in an activity; full engagement, concentration, focus

A

flow
getting in the flow

78
Q

Downplaying own ability to lower expectations or openly predicting failure

A

sandbagging

79
Q

when challenge is too high we get anxious but when it’s too low we get bored. The perfect balance between that is known as (1):

A

flow

(This is why things are done in levels/progressive overload)

80
Q

When people face stressful situations thinking they have the resources to overcome it they feel _____________ which leads to growth. But when they feel like they do not have the resources, they feel _____________.

A

Challenged, threatened

Example:
- me feeling challenged by psych and Chinese -> did well
- me feeling threatened by stats and 2nd Econ midterm -> so bad

81
Q

the tendency to distance past personal failures and make our past personal successes seem closer together than they actually are is a feature of (3):

A

past self comparison

82
Q

Being in a good mood lets you do better at things - think of example

A
  • one group watched funny film
  • other group watched neutral
  • both asked to solve difficult problem after
  • the group that watched the funny film solved it more often than the neutral film group
83
Q

According to the humanistic self-determination theory, being challenged and having fun promote creativity and ______.

A

growth

84
Q

The state of being and acting fully in the current moment.

A

mindfulness

85
Q

Being attentive to the present moment/what you’re actively involved with

A

mindfulness

86
Q

the idea that good things will happen to the worthy and bad things will happen to the unworthy

A

just-world beliefs/theory

87
Q

ways to expand self (3):

A
  1. Challenging
  2. Fun
  3. Novel

Challenging, fun, novel

88
Q

how would a collectivist approach their terror management (regarding death)

A

finding self-esteem and self worth in their community and other people

89
Q

Why do employers often seek to increase cultural diversity in the workplace?

A

novel experiences expands creativity, knowledge, worldview

90
Q

Mortality salience hypothesis

A

Cultural worldview protects against death
- death reminders should cause people to bolster worldviews OR self-esteem

91
Q

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

GETTING REJECTEDD

approach or don’t? - approaching a potential romantic interest, they give you a bad look, you back off

92
Q

Approach-approach

A

two good choices
two events happening on the same day - either or

93
Q

avoidance-avoidance

A

looming test and studying for that
both are kinda meh

94
Q
  1. Stereotype threat
  2. Mortality salience threat

these are types of (2):

A

self-esteem threats

95
Q

__________ should protect against self-esteem threats (2)

A

self affirmation

96
Q
  1. Terror Management Theory
  2. Self-Affirmation Theory
  3. Belonging
  4. Control
  5. Meaning

These are all:

A

possible ultimate motives + HOW SELF ESTEEM MANAGES US
- macro level

97
Q

ultimate motive

A

something that controls why we do anything in life - this is the why

98
Q

when we have an expectation about what a face looks like and the face is almost there but not quite completely human…

A

uncanny valley

99
Q

transmogrifying experimenter

A

2 different people - only 5% of people noticed

PSYCH 241 SOCIAL PSYCH (3 decks)

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