Chapter 4 - Thinking About Events And People Flashcards
Information that is currently activated and being encoded
Short term memory
Information from past experience that may or may not be currently activated; consolidated information that can later be retrieved
Long term memory
factors playing into process of retrieval (5)
- Biases
- Schemas
- Motives
- Goals
- Emotions
Think BEMGS - biases, emotions, motivations, goals, and schemas all play into our process of RETRIEVAL
We remember events better when they violate our usual scripts and _______.
schemas
People are more likely to remember positive information when in a good mood, and more likely to remember negative information in a negative mood. This is called:
Mood-congruent memory
Depressed people have issues recalling positive feelings or experiences from the past. This is likely due to:
mood-congruent memory
A way of thinking that acknowledges and accepts inconsistency rather than distinct, stable concepts is called ______. This way of thinking comes from a ________ culture. (2)
- dialecticism
- Collectivistic
A way of thinking that acknowledges and accepts inconsistency.
Dialecticism
The process by which CUES (or hint words) given after an event can plant false information into memory.
Misinformation effect.
Think how when things are exaggerated by certain words, the memory of an event changes - eg: the car hit the other car -> normal accident; the car smashed into the other car -> think of severe collision
The way simple changes in wording can rewrite the memory of our event, making it more or less extreme.
Misinformation effect
The misinformation effect can lead to the formation of (2):
False memories
We assume that the information that comes to mind first, or the “obvious” answer is correct. This is called the:
Availability heuristic
We can be more scared of less common but more publicized accidents and less scared of common, less publicized accidents because of the:
Availability heuristic
- we assume the information readily available to us must be true
- For example, you have more anxiety around being the victim of a public acid attack (rare, more publicized) than you do of getting in a car crash (more common, less publicized)
When people judge how FREQUENTLY an event occurs based on how readily they can retrieve a certain number of instances from memory.
Ease of retrieval effect
Example: the assertiveness study - people who were asked to retrieve 6 instances of them being assertive saw themselves as more assertive than people who were asked to think up 12 instances
When people are exposed to vaccine misinformation through social media, they become less likely to get vaccinated. This is called _________.
Vaccine hesitancy
Participants asked to recall 3 behaviours that increases the risk of heart disease perceived themselves to be more susceptible to having a heart attack than participants asked to recall 8 behaviours. This is due to the _____________ effect.
ease of retrieval effect (illness example)
_________ (person) argued that to understand why people behave the way they do, we need to look at how they come to comprehend the people around them.
Heider
Heider developed what type of psychology? (And the definition of it)
Common sense psychology - the way in which ordinary people think about events or people in their lives
How people tend to explain events in terms of particular causes, effects, and intentions.
Or Explanations of an individual’s behaviour
Causal attributions
2 dimensions that affect causal attributions:
- Locus of causality
- Stability
2 aspects of locus of causality:
- Internal
- External
I am crying with my family in public.
Using the locus of causality you could attribute my behaviour to different causal attributions:
- I am just an emotional person with regulation issues. This would be an example of an _________ locus.
- I had a bad day/something bad happened to me/my family is being rude. This would be an example of an _________ locus.
- Internal locus
- External locus
Stable factor
an unchangeable factor
Changeable factor
Unstable factor
Me failing my Econ test because my mom fought with me before it, causing me to have a panic attack, is an example of ___________ factors (2).
External unstable
Me barely passing my stat 151 final due to a lack of effort would be due to _______ factors (2).
Internal unstable factors
Me barely passing my stat 151 final due to a lack of effort would be due to _______ factors (2).
Someone being 100% tone deaf is due to _________ factors (2)
internal stable
Someone being 100% tone deaf is due to _________ factors (2)
internal stable
A prof gives unreasonably hard tests to his students. All of his students are doing badly because of __________ factors (2).
external stable
Factor in your control/malleable
unstable
Factor out of your control
Stable
Fixed mindset
Stable traits; can’t control or change certain attributes
Incremental mindset
Our attributes are malleable - GROWTH mindset kind of
Parent’s mindsets about failure influence the mindset their children have on ___________ (1).
intelligence (how intelligence mindsets are developed in children)
Failure as child’s ability -> child believes they’re stupid -> don’t do as well
Failure as an opportunity to learn -> child believes they can try again/try harder -> child does better
