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PSYCH 241 SOCIAL PSYCH > Chapter 4 - Thinking About Events And People > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Thinking About Events And People Flashcards

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1
Q

Information that is currently activated and being encoded

A

Short term memory

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2
Q

Information from past experience that may or may not be currently activated; consolidated information that can later be retrieved

A

Long term memory

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3
Q

factors playing into process of retrieval (5)

A
  1. Biases
  2. Schemas
  3. Motives
  4. Goals
  5. Emotions
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4
Q

We remember events better when they violate our usual scripts and _______.

A

schemas

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5
Q

People are more likely to remember positive information when in a good mood, and more likely to remember negative information in a negative mood. This is called:

A

Mood-congruent memory

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6
Q

Depressed people have issues recalling positive feelings or experiences from the past. This is likely due to:

A

mood-congruent memory

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7
Q

A way of thinking that acknowledges and accepts inconsistency rather than distinct, stable concepts. This way of thinking comes from a ________ culture. (2)

A
  1. dialecticism
  2. Collectivistic
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8
Q

A way of thinking that acknowledges and accepts inconsistency.

A

Dialecticism

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9
Q

The process by which CUES (or hint words) given after an event can plant false information into memory.

A

Misinformation effect.

Think how when things are exaggerated by certain words, the memory of an event changes - eg: the car hit the other car -> normal accident; the car smashed into the other car -> think of severe collision

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10
Q

The way simple changes in wording can rewrite the memory of our event, making it more or less extreme.

A

Misinformation effect

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11
Q

The misinformation effect can lead to the formation of (2):

A

False memories

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12
Q

We assume that the information that comes to mind first, or the “obvious” answer is correct. This is called the:

A

Availability heuristic

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13
Q

We can be more scared of less common but more publicized accidents and less scared of common, less publicized accidents because of the:

A

Availability heuristic

  • we assume the information readily available to us must be true
  • For example, you have more anxiety around being the victim of a public acid attack (rare, more publicized) than you do of getting in a car crash (more common, less publicized)
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14
Q

When people judge how FREQUENTLY an event occurs based on how readily they can retrieve a certain number of instances from memory.

A

Ease of retrieval effect

Example: the assertiveness study - people who were asked to retrieve 6 instances of them being assertive saw themselves as more assertive than people who were asked to think up 12 instances

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15
Q

When people are exposed to vaccine misinformation through social media, they become less likely to get vaccinated. This is called _________.

A

Vaccine hesitancy

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16
Q

Participants asked to recall 3 behaviours that increases the risk of heart disease perceived themselves to be more susceptible to having a heart attack than participants asked to recall 8 behaviours. This is due to the _____________ effect.

A

ease of retrieval effect (illness example)

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17
Q

_________ (person) argued that to understand why people behave the way they do, we need to look at how they come to comprehend the people around them.

A

Heider

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18
Q

Heider developed what type of psychology? (And the definition of it)

A

Common sense psychology - the way in which ordinary people think about events or people in their lives

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19
Q

How people tend to explain events in terms of particular causes, effects, and intentions.

Or Explanations of an individual’s behaviour

A

Causal attributions

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20
Q

2 dimensions that affect causal attributions:

A
  1. Locus of causality
  2. Stability
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21
Q

2 aspects of locus of causality:

A
  1. Internal
  2. External
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22
Q

I am crying with my family in public.

Using the locus of causality you could attribute my behaviour to different causal attributions:

  1. I am just an emotional person with regulation issues. This would be an example of an _________ locus.
  2. I had a bad day/something bad happened to me/my family is being rude. This would be an example of an _________ locus.
A
  1. Internal locus
  2. External locus
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23
Q

Stable factor

A

an unchangeable factor

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24
Q

Changeable factor

A

Unstable factor

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25
Q

Me failing my Econ test because my mom fought with me before it, causing me to have a panic attack, is an example of ___________ factors (2).

A

External unstable

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26
Q

Me barely passing my stat 151 final due to a lack of effort would be due to _______ factors (2).

A

Internal unstable factors

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27
Q

Me barely passing my stat 151 final due to a lack of effort would be due to _______ factors (2).

A
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28
Q

Someone being 100% tone deaf is due to _________ factors (2)

A

internal stable

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29
Q

Someone being 100% tone deaf is due to _________ factors (2)

A

internal stable

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30
Q

A prof gives unreasonably hard tests to his students. All of his students are doing badly because of __________ factors (2).

A

external stable

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31
Q

Factor in your control/malleable

A

unstable

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32
Q

Factor out of your control

A

Stable

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33
Q

Fixed mindset

A

Stable traits; can’t control or change certain attributes

34
Q

Incremental mindset

A

Our attributes are malleable - GROWTH mindset kind of

35
Q

Parent’s mindsets about failure influence the mindset their children have on ___________ (1).

A

intelligence (how intelligence mindsets are developed in children)

Failure as child’s ability -> child believes they’re stupid -> don’t do as well

Failure as an opportunity to learn -> child believes they can try again/try harder -> child does better

36
Q

A theory we hold about the likely cause of that specific kind of event.

A

Causal schema

37
Q

Two primary sources causal schemas come from:

A
  1. Personal experience
  2. General culture
38
Q

Salience

A

most distinct/noticeable to the senses/brain - eg: a bright pink shirt in a sea of blue shirts; one woman in a discussion room full of men

39
Q

People are more likely to attribute behaviour to internal factors (eg: personality). This phenomenon is known as:

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

40
Q

the tendency to attribute an actor (person) an attitude, desire, or trait that corresponds to the action.

A

Correspondent inference

“Oh that lady is yelling at her kids, she must be a strict mom.”

Yelling -> strict

41
Q

Correspondent inferences are most likely made under three conditions:

A
  1. Individual seems to have a choice to partake in action
  2. Individual has a choice between two course of action
  3. Individual acts inconsistently with typical reaction
  • choice to do action
  • options
  • inconsistently

COI

42
Q

When making correspondent inferences, we tend to lack consideration of ______ factors (1).

A

External

43
Q

we make internal attributions for other people’s behaviours; but we make external attributions (excuses) for our behaviours

A

actor-observer effect

when observing others, we tend to look at them rather than their situation, but with ourselves we are perceiving things from the environment and reacting to those -> external factors typically more salient to us

44
Q

___________ cultures look more at the situational context of a situation, making them generally less susceptible to making the Fundamental Attribution Error.

A

Collectivistic

45
Q

Temporal sequence of attribution process:

A
  1. Behaviour observed and labeled (salience)
  2. Internal inference is made (correspondent inference)
  3. External attributions edit the internal ones if they have time and energy
46
Q
  1. Salience
  2. Correspondent inference
  3. Correction (taking external factors into account)
A

Attribution process

47
Q

Possible explanation for the cause of an event

A

causal hypothesis

48
Q

Possible explanation for the cause of an event

A

causal hypothesis

49
Q

Causal factor + outcome = causal hypothesis

What is this principle called?

A

Covariation principle

50
Q

Three kinds/sources of of information for making causal attributions:

A
  1. Consensus
  2. Distinctiveness
  3. Consistency
51
Q
  1. Consensus - do other people agree with this
  2. Distinctiveness - is this a rare or common occurrence
  3. Consistency - is this information standing the test of time/fluctuation of mood
A

the 3 sources of information for coming to a causal attribution

52
Q

The tendency to reduce the importance of any potential cause of another person’s behaviour because other potential causes are salient.

A

discounting principle

Eg: an Olympic athlete worked hard to get 1st place, but people are claiming they used steroids to get here

53
Q

mental shortcuts; don’t have to think

A

heuristics

54
Q

The way our attributions are biased by our views of the way the world works and our desire to maintain certain beliefs is similar to (2):

A

confirmation bias

55
Q

Believing that having thoughts about an event before it occurs can influence that event.

Eg: jinxing

A

magical thinking lol

56
Q

Magical thinking is due to

A

coincidences, and children being taken care of at childhood

Eg: child thinks about food -> cries -> food is brought to them -> woah “magic”

57
Q

upward counterfactual

A

“It could’ve been better; if only” -> makes you feel worse

58
Q

Benefits of upward counterfactuals

A

learning from failure; prepare us for the future -> you now know the better solution so don’t make the same mistake

59
Q

Downwards counterfactuals

A

“It could’ve been worse, so thank God it wasn’t” -> makes you feel better about the past

60
Q

Downwards counterfactuals

A

“It could’ve been worse, so thank God it wasn’t” -> makes you feel better about the past

61
Q

Benefits of downward counterfactuals

A
  • makes you feel better about the past -> helps you not dwell on the past
62
Q

Silver medalists suffer from ________ counterfactuals while bronze medalists tend to be happier because of the ________ counterfactual

A

Upward - If only I practiced and performed a little better, I could’ve gotten gold

Downward - At least I got a medal and made it onto the podium, it could’ve been worse

63
Q

The region of the brain that aids in recognizing faces.

A

fusiform face area

64
Q

the Fusiform face area is located in (which lobe)

A

the temporal lobe

65
Q

people with the inability to recognize faces suffer from a condition called _________, because they have experienced damage to the __________.

A

prosopagnosia (pro-so-pag-no-sia)
Fusiform face area

66
Q

building an impression of someone from your preconceived notions of them

A

Top-bottom thinking

67
Q

The tendency to weight instances of negative behaviour more heavily than instances of positive behaviour

A

negativity bias

68
Q

Two reasons negativity bias occurs

A
  1. adaptive tendency to be more sensitive to detecting negative things in the environment - caution + protection
  2. when something goes outside the norm of good behaviour, bad behaviour challenges that schema and is more memorable
69
Q

A set of ideas about other peoples’ thoughts, desires, feelings, and intentions based on what we know about them and the situation they are in.

A

theory of mind

70
Q

having an idea about what another person is thinking or feeling based on their tone of voice, expression, or body language, etc.

This is due to _________ (brain related)

A

theory of mind

mirror neurons

71
Q

these types of neurons fire when someone does an action itself and someone observes another person performing that action

A

MIRROR neurons

72
Q

when artists make the same expression as their drawing as they draw, this is probably due to

A

mirror neurons

73
Q

when artists make the same expression as their drawing as they draw, this is probably due to

A

mirror neurons

74
Q

when we assume a person that resembles someone we know, whether it’d be in appearance, personality, or disposition, is like that person

A

transference

75
Q

a tendency to map on or transfer feelings for a person who is known onto someone one new who resembles that person in some way

A

transference

76
Q

Developing impression of a new person using the same schema one has for a familiar person who resembles the new person in some way

A

transference

77
Q

The general tendency to assume that other people share our own attitudes, opinions, and preferences

A

False consensus

78
Q

False consensus can be fortified by ______ (2).

A

confirmation bias

79
Q

Salient

A

cognitively stimulating

80
Q

false consensus stems from:

A
  1. Cognitive accessibility
  2. Validating for self worth
  3. Birds of a feather flock together
81
Q

implicit personality theories

A

theories about which traits go together and why they do

PSYCH 241 SOCIAL PSYCH (2 decks)

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