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Advanced Biology > Chapter 6 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Skeletal System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Stores Fat

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2
Q

Long

A

Longer then wide

Femur

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3
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Hem
  5. Storage
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4
Q

Flat

A

Thin

Rib

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5
Q

Short

A

Cubic Shaped

Carpals

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6
Q

Irregular

A

Complex Shape

Vertebrae

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7
Q

Sesamoid

A

Enclosed by a tendon

Patella

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8
Q

Structural Bone

A

Small bones located within cranial structures (Joint)

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9
Q

Ephipeseal Plate

A

Area of cartilage were bones grow in length

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10
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

A layer of cartilage covering epiphyses to reduce friction in joints

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11
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough outer covering around bone

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12
Q

Diaphysis

A

Long Shaft

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13
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Hollow inside of the bone

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14
Q

Osteogenic Cell

A

Unspecialized cells which undergo mitosis to become osteoblasts

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15
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells

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16
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells which maintain bone tissue

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17
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone destroying cells

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18
Q

Compact Bone

A

Makes up the shaft of all long bones

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19
Q

Osteon

A

Basic unit of compact bone

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20
Q

Haverisan

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves

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21
Q

Lamella

A

Concentric rings of matrix

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22
Q

Lacunae

A

Spaces with contain osteocytes

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23
Q

Canaliculi

A

Canals that link osteocytes to haversian canal

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24
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Contains red bone marrow and makes up the end of long bone

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25
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Produces Blood Cells

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26
Q

Bone Formation

A

Ossification

  1. Initially in embryo and fetus
  2. Growth
  3. Remodeling
  4. Repair of fractures
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27
Q

Intamembraneous

A

Bone forms directly in mesenchyme layer (Membrane Like)

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28
Q

Endocranial

A

Forms with hyaline cartilage developed from mesenchyme

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29
Q

Endocranial Ossification

A
  1. Spongy bone is formed

2. Secondary center is deveopled

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30
Q

Length

A

Chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate divide and increase cartilage layer

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31
Q

Fontanels

A

Area of fibrous connective tissue in infant skulls that are replaced by bones

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32
Q

Structures

A

Immovable joint between the cranial bone in adult

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33
Q

Sinuses

A

Air spaces in cranial bones, lined with mucous membrane

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34
Q

Sesamoid Bone

A

Bones that are connected with tissue

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35
Q

Trabeculae

A

Lattice of bone with spaces between that contain red bone marrow

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36
Q

Classification

A

Cells become osteocytes

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37
Q

Primary ossification center

A

the first area of the bone to start ossifying

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38
Q

Secondary ossification center

A

Area of ossification that appears after the primary ossification center has already appeared

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39
Q

Remodeling

A

Resorption by osteoclasts and deposition by osteoblasts

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40
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A decrease in bone mass which increases the risk of fractures

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41
Q

Fracture

A

Trama to bone Tissue

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42
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Protection

Skull, sternum, rib, vertebrae

43
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Movement

Arms, Shoulders, legs, hips

44
Q

Male Pelvis

A

Heavier

Pubic arch less then 90 degrees

45
Q

Female pelvis

A

Wider and shallower
Pubic arch larger than 90 degree
Female give birth

46
Q

Female Pelvis

A

Wider and shallower
Pubic arch more the 90 degree
Female give birth

47
Q

Risk Factors for osteoporosis

A 
Pettie
Women after menopause 
Lack of exercise
Use of cigarette and alcohol 
Family history 
poor diet
48
Q

Prevent for osteoporosis

A 
Plenty of calcium
vitamin D
Weight-bearing exercise 
avoiding cigarette and alcohol 
Estrogen replacement therapy/ other drugs
49
Q

Endosteum

A

Membrane which lines marrow cavity

50
Q

Osteporosis

A

A decrease in bone mass which increases the risk of fractures

51
Q

Steps for healing a fracture

A
  1. Inflammatory stage
  2. Reparative Stage
  3. Remodeling stage
52
Q

Support

A

Structural framework for body

53
Q

Movement

A

Attachment site for muscles

54
Q

Protection

A

Protects internal organs

55
Q

Hem

A

Red bone marrow produces blood cells

56
Q

Storage

A

Stores calcium, phosphorus, and fat

57
Q

Osteomalacia

A

New bone formed during remodeling fails to clarify

58
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Baterial infection of the bone

59
Q

Osteogenic sarcoma

A

Bone cancer

60
Q

Joint

A

A point of contact between two bones, cartilage and bones or between teeth and bones

61
Q

Fibrous

A

Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue

62
Q

Cartilaginous

A

Bones held together by cartilage

63
Q

Synovial

A

have a synovial cavity

64
Q

Synarthrosis

A

An immoveable joint

Skull structure

65
Q

Amohiarhrosis

A

Slightly moveable joint

Pubic Symphsis

66
Q

Diathrosis

A

The freely movable joint has a synovial cavity

Knee

67
Q

Fibrous Capsule

A

Strong flexible layer that attaches to the periosteum

68
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Secretes synovial fluid which reduces friction

69
Q

Accessory ligaments

A

Help connect bone to bone

70
Q

Meniscus

A

Splits joint cavity into 2 separate areas, helps maintain joint stability

71
Q

Bursa

A

A sac of synovial fluid located at the friction points in a joint

72
Q

Arthroscopy

A

Surgical examination of joint

73
Q

Arthroplasty

A

Joint replacement

74
Q

Planar Joint

A

Found between small bones with flat surfaces
Side to side and back to forth movement
Carpals

75
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Convex surfaces of one bone fitting into the concave surface of 2nd bone
back and forth movement
elbow

76
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Round/ pointed surface of a bone fits in-ring formed by 2nd bone
Movement- Rotation
Atlas- axis joint

77
Q

Condyloid Joint

A

Oval Shaped
Movement up and down and side to side
Wrist

78
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Bone surface at joint is saddled shaped
Movement is side to side or up and down
Thumb

79
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

The ball surface of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of 2nd bone
Permits the most movement
Circumduction
Shoulder

80
Q

Arthritis

A

An inflammation of the joints which cause pain and stiffness

81
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

The articular cartilage on the ends of the bones break down which results in bone rubbing against bone

82
Q

Gout

A

Build up of uric acid in the blood, gets deposited in joints

83
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks and destroys the cartilage in joints

84
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

85
Q

Dislocation

A

Bone is displaced out of joint cavity

86
Q

Sprain

A

Twisting joint that stretches or tears ligament

87
Q

Adduction

A

Movement away from the midline

88
Q

Abduction

A

Movement towards the midline

89
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexing the foot

90
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Pointing the foot

91
Q

Extension

A

Increasing the angle

92
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extending the joint beyond atomical position

93
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing joint angle

94
Q

Rotation

A

Movement in a circular motion

95
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement of the joint in a circular motion

96
Q

Supination

A

Palm facing up

97
Q

Pronation

A

Palm facing down

98
Q

Eversion

A

Turning sole outwards

99
Q

Inversion

A

Turning sole inwards

100
Q

Protraction

A

Jut foward

101
Q

Retraction

A

Draw back

102
Q

Elevation

A

Raise up

103
Q

Depression

A

Downward Movement

Advanced Biology (5 decks)

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