Chapter 6 Set 2 Flashcards
What happens to atoms when they lose electrons?
They form positively charged ions.
What happens to atoms when they gain electrons?
They form negatively charged ions.
What are ionic bonds formed by?
Strong attractive forces between positive and negative ions.
What do chemical bonds involve in terms of valence electrons?
Atoms lose, gain, or share valence electrons to acquire an octet.
How do ionic bonds occur?
When valence electrons of a metal atom are transferred to a nonmetal atom.
How do covalent bonds occur?
When nonmetal atoms share electrons to attain a noble gas arrangement.
What is the ionization energy trend among metals in groups 1A, 2A, and 3A?
They have low ionization energies and readily lose valence electrons to form positive ions.
What does sodium lose to achieve a filled energy level?
One electron.
What type of charge does a sodium ion have after it loses an electron?
1+ charge.
What happens to magnesium when it loses electrons?
It loses two electrons and forms a Mg2+ ion.
How do nonmetals form negative ions?
They gain one or more valence electrons.
What charge does a chloride ion have after gaining an electron?
1- charge.
What do core chemistry skills involve in writing positive and negative ions?
Understanding how ions form by gaining or losing electrons.
What is the formula for an ion with 16 protons and 18 electrons?
S2-, which is the sulfide ion.
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
Consist of positive and negative ions, have high melting points, and are solids at room temperature.
What is the rule for the sum of ion charges in a chemical formula?
The sum of ion charges equals zero.
How are ionic formulas written?
They are written in the lowest whole-number ratio of the atoms or ions.
What is required to balance ionic charge in an ionic compound?
The total positive charge must equal the total negative charge.
What indicates that a compound is formed from ionic ions?
The presence of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions).
What is the general naming rule for Type I ionic compounds?
Cation name (metal) + root of nonmetal + ide.
What is required when naming Type II ionic compounds?
The charge of the metal ion must be specified with Roman numerals.
How are binary ionic compounds (Type II) named?
Following the formula [Cation name (metal)) + (Charge in Roman numerals) + [Root of nonmetal + Ide).
What happens when two nonmetals form a covalent bond?
The first element is named first, followed by the second element as though it were an anion.
What prefixes are used when naming binary covalent compounds?
Prefixes indicate the number of atoms present (except mono- for the first element).
What is the charge on the ammonium ion?
+1 charge.
What do polyatomic ions consist of?
Charged entities composed of several atoms bound together.
What is the charge of a sulfate ion?
2- charge.
How are names of common polyatomic ions memorized?
By recognizing specific charged groups like ammonium and sulfate.
What is the electronegativity trend across a period on the periodic table?
Electronegativity increases from left to right.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
A bond with almost equal sharing of electrons and nearly no electronegativity difference.
What is a polar covalent bond?
A bond with unequal sharing of electrons and moderate electronegativity difference.
What is the definition of an ionic bond?
A bond that occurs between metal and nonmetal ions due to electron transfer.
What is the electronegativity difference that defines an ionic bond?
1.8 or more.
What are the different types of bond classifications based on electronegativity difference?
Nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, and ionic.
How do you identify the bond type using electronegativity difference?
By categorizing as nonpolar covalent (NP), polar covalent (P), or ionic (I).
What type of bond is formed between potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) based on electronegativity difference of 2.2?
Ionic bond.
What type of bond is formed between nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) with a difference of 0.5?
Polar covalent bond.
What is the conclusion of analyzing the bond type between boron (B) and chlorine (Cl) with a difference of 1.0?
It is a polar covalent bond.
