Chapter 6: Retrieving Memory from Long-Term Storage

Question 1

A memory task in which experimental subjects are first presented with a list of words and later asked to recall the second word in a pair when presented with the first

Answer 1

paired associates learning

Question 2

A phenomenon in which subsequently learned material lowers the probability of recalling earlier learned material

Answer 2

retroactive inference

Question 3

A stimulus that helps a person recall or recognize stored information

Answer 3

retrieval cue

Question 4

A phenomenon whereby retrieval time to retrieve a particular fact about a concept increases as more facts are known about that concept

Answer 4

fan effect

Question 5

Strategies to facilitate retention and later retrieval of information

Answer 5

mnemonics

Question 6

A memorization method that requires the learner to visualize an ordered series of physical locations as mnemonic cues for a list of information

Answer 6

method of loci

Question 7

A principle of retrieval: at the time material is first put into LTM it is encoded in a particular way depending on context; at the time of recall, the person is at an advantage if the same contextually supplied info available at encoding is once again available

Answer 7

encoding specificity

Question 8

The phenomenon that recall is easier when the pharmacological state of the person at recall matches his or her pharmacological state during encoding

Answer 8

state-dependent learning

Question 9

The phenomenon that material is easier to retrieve when the learner is experiencing the same state or context that he was experiencing during the time of encoding

Answer 9

state-dependent memory

Question 10

The empirical finding that people’s ability to recall information is best when their mood at the time of recall matches their mood at the time of learning

Answer 10

mood-dependent memory effect

Question 11

A phenomenon in which recall of material that is presented repeatedly is superior when the presentations are some time apart rather than immediately following one another

Answer 11

spacing effect

Question 12

The way the encoding of information varies as a function of context

Answer 12

encoding variability

Question 13

A principle of memory that states a retrieval cue will be most effective when it is highly distinctive and not related to any other target memories

Answer 13

cue overload

Question 14

The experimental finding that taking tests on material actually improves the learning of it, even when compared to simply repeatedly studying that material

Answer 14

testing effect

Question 15

A memory system that is thought to hold memories of specific events with which the cognitive processor has had direct experience

Answer 15

episodic memory

Question 16

A memory system that is thought to hold memories of general knowledge

Answer 16

semantic memory

Question 17

A kind of memory that operates on distinct principles and stores a distinct kind of information

Answer 17

memory systems

Question 18

Consciously recalled or recollected memory

Answer 18

explicit memory

Question 19

Memory that is not deliberate or conscious but shows evidence of prior learning and storage

Answer 19

implicit memory

Question 20

Priming that facilitates the cognitive processing of information after a recent exposure to that same information

Answer 20

repetition priming

Question 21

A memory system thought to contain knowledge, facts, information, ideas, or anything that can be recalled and described in words, pictures, or symbols

Answer 21

declarative memory

Question 22

A memory system thought to contain information concerning actions and sequences of actions (ex. knowing how to ride a bike)

Answer 22

procedural memory

Question 23

States that memory does not depend on particular stores, but on the initial processing done to the information at the time of acquisition (shallow = less retention, deep = more retention)

Answer 23

levels-of-processing theory of memory

Question 24

The retention of information even when it is not required of, or even intended by, the processor

Answer 24

incidental learning

Question 25

Frameworks for organizing and representing knowledge that contain roles, variables, and fixed parts

Answer 25

schemata

Question 26

Memory for events and other information from one’s own life

Answer 26

autobiographical memory

Question 27

A phenomenon in which people recall their personal circumstances at the time they heard of or witnessed an unexpected and very significant event

Answer 27

flashbulb memory

Question 28

A narrative memory of a personally witnessed event

Answer 28

eyewitness memory

Question 29

Autobiographical memories, usually of traumatic events, that are not accessible for some period of time but later become able to be retrieved

Answer 29

recovered memories

Question 30

“Recollections” of “events” that never in fact occurred

Answer 30

false memories

Question 31

A controversial explanation of amnesia for traumatic events

Answer 31

repressed memories

Question 32

Lack of memory for events that occur after a brain injury

Answer 32

anterograde amnesia

Question 33

Amnesia concerning old events

Answer 33

retrograde amnesia

Question 34

The biochemical process by which neural synaptic connections are strengthened or weakened

Answer 34

memory consolidation