Chapter 6: Respiratory Volumes, Lung Mechanics And pH Regulation Flashcards
What structures are a part of the conducting division
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree
What structures are a part of the respiratory division
Alveoli and respiratory membrane
What does olfaction mean
Sense of smell from the sensory cells located in the nose
What is the highlighted structure
Nasal cavity
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Pharynx
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Larynx
What is the epiglottis
It is housed within the larynx and works like a draw-bridge to regulate airflow; when the epiglottis is in the raised position it permits airflow, and when lowered covers airways and directs food and drink towards the esophagus
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Trachea, which leads into the two bronchi
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A cartilage ring
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The left primary bronchus
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A cartilage plate
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Secondary bronchus
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Tertiary bronchus
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Smaller bronchus
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Bronchioles
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Terminal bronchiole
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Respiratory bronchiole
What is the respiratory membrane
Where the cells of the alveoli meet the cells of the capillary wall
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Pulmonary venule
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Terminal bronchiole
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Lymphatic vessel
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Respiratory bronchioles
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Alveolar sac
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Alveolar duct
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Pulmonary arteriole
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Elastic connective tissue
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Pulmonary (alveolar) capillaries
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Alveoli
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Visceral pleura
What is visceral pleura
The connective tissue lining the outside wall of the lungs
- continuous with parietal pleura
What is parietal pleura
The connective tissue that lines the inside walls of the chest
- continuous with visceral pleura
What is the pleural cavity
The separate compartment between the visceral and parietal pleura
- this is filled with pleural fluid
What is the function of the pleural fluid
Causes the visceral pleura to stick to the parietal pleura, so the lungs actually stick to the inside of the chest wall
This causes when the chest wall moves, so does the pleura, thus inflating and deflating the lung
What is intrapulmonary space
The volume of the alveoli
What is the most important muscle controlling respiration
The diaphragm
What is the diaphragm
A dome-shaped muscle that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It does not not attach directly to your lungs, it is attached to the parietal pleura the same way as the chest wall.
- when you inhale the diaphragm contracts and flattens, creating more space in the chest
- when you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and bulges upwards, decreasing volume in the thoracic cavity causing air to be pushed out
What is pressure
The amount of force pushing against something else
What is atmospheric pressure
The pressure of the air in the environment
- air moves into and out of the lungs because of the differences in pressure between the environment vs. inside the lungs
What is intrapulmonary pressure
The pressure of the air inside the lungs
What is boyles law
The law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
What is volume
The amount of space inside any container
What is intrapleural pressure
The pressure inside the pleural cavity
When atmospheric pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure…
Air will enter the lungs (this is inhalation)
When intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure…
Air will leave the lungs (this is exhalation)
What is the respiratory control center
The circuit of neurons in the base of the brain (the medulla oblongata and pons) that control the rate and depth of breathing
Motor neurons leaving the respiratory control center innervate the diaphragm and chest muscles, causing them to contract and drive respiration
The respiratory control center also receives input from many other neurons
What do peripheral chemoreceptors in the arteries do
They monitor the carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion (pH) and oxygen concentrations in blood, and adjust the depth and rate of breathing accordingly
What is the product of a chemical reaction of one molecule of carbon dioxide and one molecule of water
Carbonic acid ->H2CO3
What can carbonic acid break down into
It can break down back into CO2 and water, or it can break down into bicarbonate (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+)
What is carbonic anhydrase
An enzyme that accelerates the production of bicarbonate and H+
What is hypercapnia
A condition where the CO2 concentration in blood is too high
What is acidosis
When blood is too acidic or has an increase in H+ ion concentration (usually occurs with hypercapnia)
- if the cause has something to do with the respiratory system, it is called respiratory acidosis
- if the cause is due to change elsewhere in the body, it is called metabolic acidosis
What is hypocapnia
A condition where CO2 concentration in blood is too low
- can occur when you remove more CO2 than you are producing (hyperventilating)
- can occur when you have fewer H+ ions than normal (chronic vomiting)
What is alkalosis
When there is a decrease in blood H+ concentration causing the blood to be less acidic
- usually occurs with hypocapnia
- respiratory alkalosis: the cause is due to something involving the respiratory system
- metabolic alkalosis: the cause is due to a change elsewhere in the body
What is the most important factor controlling respiration
The H+ ion concentration of the cerebrospinal fluid
- central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata of the brain monitor H+ ion concentration
What is spirometry
A very common lung function test used to determine lung volumes
What is a pulse oximeter
A commonly used clinical tool that digitally measures how saturated a hemoglobin molecule is with O2
What is hemoglobin
Found in red blood cells and functions to bind and carry nearly all of the O2 found in the blood
What is tidal volume
Normal, relaxed breathing pattern
What is inspiratory reserve volume
The volume of air that you could still inhale after a normal inhalation
What is expiratory reserve volume
The volume of air remaining in your lungs that you could still exhale at the end of a normal exhalation
What is residual volume
The volume of air that remains after maximal exhalation
- cannot be measured directly because the lungs would collapse without it
What is inspiratory capacity
The volume of air that you could inhale after a normal exhalation
IC = TV + IRV
What is expiratory capacity
The volume of air that you could exhale after a normal inhalation
EC = TV + ERV
What is vital capacity
The largest volume of air that you can move through your lungs
This volume can be measured directly or…
VC = TV + ERV + IRV
What is functional residual capacity
The volume of air remaining in your lungs, including the residual volume, following a normal exhalation
FRC = ERV + RV
what is total lung capacity
The total volume of your lungs, including the residual volume
TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV
OR
TLC = IC + FRC
OR
TLC = VC + RV
What is forced vital capacity
The volume of air that can forcibly be exhaled after full inspiration
What is forced expiratory volume in 1 second
The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled in one second after a full expiration
What is FEV1/FVC ratio
Values should be 70-85% in healthy adults with aging adults demonstrating a decline
What are obstructive respiratory disorders
They increase the resistance within air passages (bronchitis)
- difficult to move air in and out of the lungs
What are restrictive respiratory disorders
They reduce lung volume (polo and tuberculosis).
- vital capacity, total lung capacity, functional residual capacity and residual volume are all decreased due to a loss of lung volume
