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Biol 164 > Chapter 6: Respiratory Volumes, Lung Mechanics And pH Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Respiratory Volumes, Lung Mechanics And pH Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are a part of the conducting division

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree

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2
Q

What structures are a part of the respiratory division

A

Alveoli and respiratory membrane

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3
Q

What does olfaction mean

A

Sense of smell from the sensory cells located in the nose

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4
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Nasal cavity

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5
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Pharynx

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6
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Larynx

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7
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

It is housed within the larynx and works like a draw-bridge to regulate airflow; when the epiglottis is in the raised position it permits airflow, and when lowered covers airways and directs food and drink towards the esophagus

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8
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Trachea, which leads into the two bronchi

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9
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

A cartilage ring

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10
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

The left primary bronchus

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11
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

A cartilage plate

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12
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Secondary bronchus

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13
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Tertiary bronchus

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14
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Smaller bronchus

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15
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Bronchioles

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16
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Terminal bronchiole

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17
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Respiratory bronchiole

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18
Q

What is the respiratory membrane

A

Where the cells of the alveoli meet the cells of the capillary wall

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19
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Pulmonary venule

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20
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Terminal bronchiole

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21
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Lymphatic vessel

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22
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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23
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Alveolar sac

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24
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Alveolar duct

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25
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Pulmonary arteriole

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26
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Elastic connective tissue

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27
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Pulmonary (alveolar) capillaries

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28
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Alveoli

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29
Q

What is the highlighted structure

A

Visceral pleura

30
Q

What is visceral pleura

A

The connective tissue lining the outside wall of the lungs
- continuous with parietal pleura

31
Q

What is parietal pleura

A

The connective tissue that lines the inside walls of the chest
- continuous with visceral pleura

32
Q

What is the pleural cavity

A

The separate compartment between the visceral and parietal pleura
- this is filled with pleural fluid

33
Q

What is the function of the pleural fluid

A

Causes the visceral pleura to stick to the parietal pleura, so the lungs actually stick to the inside of the chest wall
This causes when the chest wall moves, so does the pleura, thus inflating and deflating the lung

34
Q

What is intrapulmonary space

A

The volume of the alveoli

35
Q

What is the most important muscle controlling respiration

A

The diaphragm

36
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

A dome-shaped muscle that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It does not not attach directly to your lungs, it is attached to the parietal pleura the same way as the chest wall.
- when you inhale the diaphragm contracts and flattens, creating more space in the chest
- when you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and bulges upwards, decreasing volume in the thoracic cavity causing air to be pushed out

37
Q

What is pressure

A

The amount of force pushing against something else

38
Q

What is atmospheric pressure

A

The pressure of the air in the environment
- air moves into and out of the lungs because of the differences in pressure between the environment vs. inside the lungs

39
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure

A

The pressure of the air inside the lungs

40
Q

What is boyles law

A

The law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

41
Q

What is volume

A

The amount of space inside any container

42
Q

What is intrapleural pressure

A

The pressure inside the pleural cavity

43
Q

When atmospheric pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure…

A

Air will enter the lungs (this is inhalation)

44
Q

When intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure…

A

Air will leave the lungs (this is exhalation)

45
Q

What is the respiratory control center

A

The circuit of neurons in the base of the brain (the medulla oblongata and pons) that control the rate and depth of breathing
Motor neurons leaving the respiratory control center innervate the diaphragm and chest muscles, causing them to contract and drive respiration
The respiratory control center also receives input from many other neurons

46
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors in the arteries do

A

They monitor the carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion (pH) and oxygen concentrations in blood, and adjust the depth and rate of breathing accordingly

47
Q

What is the product of a chemical reaction of one molecule of carbon dioxide and one molecule of water

A

Carbonic acid ->H2CO3

48
Q

What can carbonic acid break down into

A

It can break down back into CO2 and water, or it can break down into bicarbonate (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+)

49
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase

A

An enzyme that accelerates the production of bicarbonate and H+

50
Q

What is hypercapnia

A

A condition where the CO2 concentration in blood is too high

51
Q

What is acidosis

A

When blood is too acidic or has an increase in H+ ion concentration (usually occurs with hypercapnia)
- if the cause has something to do with the respiratory system, it is called respiratory acidosis
- if the cause is due to change elsewhere in the body, it is called metabolic acidosis

52
Q

What is hypocapnia

A

A condition where CO2 concentration in blood is too low
- can occur when you remove more CO2 than you are producing (hyperventilating)
- can occur when you have fewer H+ ions than normal (chronic vomiting)

53
Q

What is alkalosis

A

When there is a decrease in blood H+ concentration causing the blood to be less acidic
- usually occurs with hypocapnia
- respiratory alkalosis: the cause is due to something involving the respiratory system
- metabolic alkalosis: the cause is due to a change elsewhere in the body

54
Q

What is the most important factor controlling respiration

A

The H+ ion concentration of the cerebrospinal fluid
- central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata of the brain monitor H+ ion concentration

55
Q

What is spirometry

A

A very common lung function test used to determine lung volumes

56
Q

What is a pulse oximeter

A

A commonly used clinical tool that digitally measures how saturated a hemoglobin molecule is with O2

57
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

Found in red blood cells and functions to bind and carry nearly all of the O2 found in the blood

58
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Normal, relaxed breathing pattern

59
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air that you could still inhale after a normal inhalation

60
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air remaining in your lungs that you could still exhale at the end of a normal exhalation

61
Q

What is residual volume

A

The volume of air that remains after maximal exhalation
- cannot be measured directly because the lungs would collapse without it

62
Q

What is inspiratory capacity

A

The volume of air that you could inhale after a normal exhalation
IC = TV + IRV

63
Q

What is expiratory capacity

A

The volume of air that you could exhale after a normal inhalation
EC = TV + ERV

64
Q

What is vital capacity

A

The largest volume of air that you can move through your lungs
This volume can be measured directly or…
VC = TV + ERV + IRV

65
Q

What is functional residual capacity

A

The volume of air remaining in your lungs, including the residual volume, following a normal exhalation
FRC = ERV + RV

66
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

The total volume of your lungs, including the residual volume
TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV
OR
TLC = IC + FRC
OR
TLC = VC + RV

67
Q

What is forced vital capacity

A

The volume of air that can forcibly be exhaled after full inspiration

68
Q

What is forced expiratory volume in 1 second

A

The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled in one second after a full expiration

69
Q

What is FEV1/FVC ratio

A

Values should be 70-85% in healthy adults with aging adults demonstrating a decline

70
Q

What are obstructive respiratory disorders

A

They increase the resistance within air passages (bronchitis)
- difficult to move air in and out of the lungs

71
Q

What are restrictive respiratory disorders

A

They reduce lung volume (polo and tuberculosis).
- vital capacity, total lung capacity, functional residual capacity and residual volume are all decreased due to a loss of lung volume

Biol 164 (5 decks)

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