Chapter 6: Respiratory system Flashcards
What is the function of the respiratory system
1)The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the subsequent release of energy into the cells. 2) Elimination of carbon dioxide gas.
What is external respiration
The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood. (Occurs in the lungs —O2 enters the blood, CO2 is released into the lungs and expelled through the nose.
what is Internal respiration
the exchange of gases between the blood/tissues/fluid and cells.
Chemical formula for Cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
What is diffusion
The movements of particles from an area of Hight concentration to an area of low concentration. Hight pressure to low Pressure.
What is the function of the Nasal passages
Air that enters the nasal passages is filtered through the action of cilia (tiny hairs), warmed & moistened through mucus and numerous blood vessels.
What is the function of Pharynx
Carries air towards the trachea and food towards the esophagus.
What is the function of the Larynx
Carries air, produces sound by vibrating vocal cords, epiglottis is located in larynx and closes the opening when you swallow.
What is the function of the Trachea
Filters and purifies air with mucus & cilia lining the trachea walls, consist of rings of cartilage.
What is the function of Bronchi
Trachea splits into 2 bronchi, these tubes are constructed of cartilaginous rings and contain mucus, and cilia to further filter and moisten the air.
What is the function of Lungs
Elastic organ, on each side of the heart, contain millions of alveoli, ensures gas exchange between body and it’s surroundings.
what is the function of Alveoli
The bronchioles, end in tiny air sacs called alveoli, location of gas exchange, the alveoli walls are very thin and allow gases to exchange across the walls through diffusion.
what is the function of Alveoli
The bronchi further subdivides into smaller tubes called Bronchioles.
Mechanics or respiration: Inhalation
1) intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract.
2) ribs and diaphragm descends, increasing the size of the rib cage
3) lung volume increases
4) Air pressure inside lungs decreases. It becomes lower than the outside air pressure.
5) oxygen-rich air from outside flows into the lungs until pressure inside and outside the lungs is equal.
Mechanics of respiration: Exhalation
1) intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
2) ribs descends and diaphragm rises, decreasing the size of the rib cage.
3) Lung volume decreases
4) air pressure inside lungs increases. It becomes greater than the outside air pressure.
5) Carbon dioxide-rich air inside the lungs flows outside until the pressure inside and outside the lungs is equal.
composition of air — Inhaled—Exhaled
N2—78%—78%
O2—21%—16%
CO2—trace—5%
other gases—Less than 1—Less than 1
how many times does inspiration and expiration occur a minute.
in between 16 & 24 a minute in humans
What is a fluid
a substance that can flow and assumes the shape of its container –liquids or gases
What is a compressible fluid
the volume of a compressible fluid can be changed by changing the surrounding pressure.—-gases
What is an incompressible fluid
The volume cannot be altered by changing the pressure—-liquids
Characteristic of compressible fluids according to the particle model
particles are far apart, low force of attraction between the particles, lots of motion, all available space is occupied.
Characteristic of incompressible fluids according to the particle model
particles are close together, greater force of attraction between particles, particles slide over each other and liquids take on the shape of the container.
common examples of compressible and incompressible fluids
Co2 O2 N2–water, rubbing alcohol, gasoline
What is pressure
the result of force applied in perpendicular direction
Unit of measurement of pressure
pascal=Pa
if the force increases, pressure ____________
Increases
If the force decreases, pressure____________
Decreases
If the surface area exposed to force increases, pressure______________
Decreases
If the surface area exposed to force decreases, the pressure___________
Increases
Mathematical equation for calculating pressure
P=F/A Pa=N/m2
P=pressure-(Pa)
F=force-newtons (N)
A=exposed surface area square meters (m2)
What is the relationship of pressure and incompressible fluids
the pressure exerted by an incompressible fluid on an object depends on the depth of the object in the fluid and the density of the fluid.
Measuring instrument for incompressible fluids
Depth Gauge, U-shaped manometer
Relationship between pressure and compressible fluids
The pressure in a compressible fluid depends on the number of collisions of fluid particles with each other or other objects
Measuring instrument for compressible fluids
Pressure gauge, U-shaped manometer, Dial-faced gauge
The effects of variation in volume on the pressure of a compressible fluid:
volume increases, pressure ________
Volume decreases, pressure _________
decreases
increases
The effects of change in pressure on the volume of a compressible fluid:
pressure increases, volume ________
pressure decreases, volume _________
Decreases
Increases
3 principles related to variations in the pressure of fluids
FIRST PRINCIPLE: a fluid naturally moves from a zone of high pressure towards a zone of low pressure.
SECOND PRINCIPLE: Pressure applied to the surface of a fluid inside a closed container will be uniformly distributed to all parts of the fluid. The pressure at all points in the fluid changes by an amount equal to the additional pressure applied.
THIRD PRINCIPLE: a transfer of pressure in a fluid can alter the force involved.
What is atmospheric pressure (air pressure)
the pressure exerted by the gases forming the atmosphere. Although we generally don’t notice it because it is always there.
Atmospheric pressure is messured using what
mercury barometer
