Chapter 1 Flashcards
organisation of matter
What is matter
Anything that has mass and occupies/takes up space (has volume)
What is an atom
The smallest piece of unique matter, it cannot be divided by any chemical means
What is a molecule
A chemical combination of two or more atoms.
what is the particle model
The particle model is used to represent the idea that all matter is composed of tiny particles. These particles may be atoms or they may be molecules.
Distance between particles of Solid, Liquid, and Gas
SOLID: particles are very close to each other.
LIQUID: particles are still very close to each other, less close than Solid but closer than gas.
GAS: particles are very far apart.
Movement of particles of Solid, Liquid and Gas
SOLID: very little freedom to move around, can only vibrate in place.
LIQUID: Particles have more freedom to move than solids, and can slide over each other.
GAS: Particles can move freely in ever direction.
5 rules of the particle model
1) All matter is composed of tiny particles.
2) All pure substances (elements and compounds) have their own specific type of particle.
3) Particles are attracted to each other
4) particles are in constant motion.
5) The higher the temperature, the greater the motion of the particles. (degree of agitation).
Different parts of an element in the periodic table.
1) Atomic number
2) Element symbol
3) Element name
4) Average atomic mass
3 parts of an atom
1) PROTON (positive charge, situated in center, have a mass, atomic number)
2) NEUTRON (negative chatge, situated in center, has a mass, average atomic mass=amu – atomic number)
3) ELECTRON: (no charge, moves around atom, has almost no mass, same # as Protons = atomic #)
What is an Element
A pure substance that contains only 1 type of atom. It is impossible to separate an element into other substances using chemical separation techniques.
What is a pure substance
contains only 1 type of particle. The particles could be atoms or they could be molecules
What is a compound
A pure substance com posed of 2 or more different types of atoms chemically bounded together. It can be separated by using chemical separation techniques.
What is the periodic table
Is a tool we use to separate the different elements according to certain characteristics.
What is a mixture
A physical combination of (two or more different particle types) at least two different substances.
3 different types of mixtures
1) heterogeneous mixture
2) homogeneous mixture
3) Colloid
Difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Heterogeneous mixtures 2 or more constituent parts can be distinguished. A homogeneous mixture, there is only 1 visible phase, the constituent parts cannot be distinguished by the naked eye.
What is a colloid
Colloids appear to be homogeneous at first, but the constituent part can be distinguished under a magnifying instrument. The components may separate over time.
What is a solution
One or more substances is dissolved into another substance. It is a homogeneous mixture. .
What is the solute and the solvent
SOLUTE: the substance that is dissolved into another substance
SOLVENT: The substance that dissolves the solute. (greater amount) often but not always a liquid.
What is a phase of matter
Physically distinctive form of matter
What is a characteristic property
It is a property which is unique to a particular pure substance (boiling point of water) or to a group of substances (litmus paper turns red in acids). These characteristic properties are useful in identifying substances.
What is a physical characteristic property
Helps us identify a substance without changing the nature of the substance. (density)
What is a chemical characteristic property
Helps us to identify a substance bt the nature of the substance may be changed by performing the test. (Flame test)
4 examples of characteristic physical properties
1) Melting point
2) Boiling point
3) Density
4) Solubility
Melting point/Freezing point
The temperature at which solids become a liquid/ a liquid becomes a solid.
Boiling point/condensation point
The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas/gas becomes a liquid
What is Density
Mass per units of volume. p=m/v
What is Solubility
The maximum of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature or pressure.
Name of the phase changes
1) freezing: L–S
2) melting: S–L
3) vaporization: L–G
4) condensation: G–L
5) sublimation: S–G
6) deposition: G–S
Example of characteristic chemical properties
1) reaction to litmus paper
2) reaction of cobalt chlorine paper
3) reaction to lime water
4) reaction of a glowing splint
5) reaction of a burning splint
6) reaction to open flame
Explain reaction of red and blue litmus paper
RED: stays red in acids, turns blue in bases, stays red in neutral solutions
BLUE: stays blue in bases, turns red in acids, stays blue in neutral solutions.
Explain Reaction of cobalt chlorine paper
The colour of the cobalt chlorine paper indicate the presence or absence of water. Paper turns pink/beige with presence of water
Explain Reaction of lime water
The reaction indicates the presence or absence of carbon dioxide gas. The lime water becomes milky when in presence of carbon dioxide gas
Explain Reaction of a glowing splint
The reaction indicates the presence of a substance that can cause combustion, such as oxygen. If the splint reignites, the test substance contains a substance that can cause combustion, such as oxygen gas.
Explain Reaction of a burning wood splint
The reaction indicates the presence or absence of hydrogen gas. If an explosion occurs, the test substance contains hydrogen gas.
Explain Reaction to open flame
The colour of the flame may indicate the presence of certain substances. EX: if the flame turns purple, the substance probably contains potassium.
What is concentration
It corresponds to the quantity of solute compare to the quantity of solution.
What is dissolution
The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent to form a solution. Increases concentration.
What is Dilution
The process of adding more solvent to a solution. Decreases the concentration.
What is a saturated solution
It is when no more solute can be dissolved into a solution under the same temperature/pressure because adding more solute/ will cause residue to build up at the bottom of the container.
Formula for concentration
C=M/V g/L
C= concentration of solution
M= mass of solute
V= volume of the solution
Formula of dilution
C1= Initial concentration of solution
V1= Initial volume of solution
C2= Final concentration of the solution
V1= Final volume of solution
What is % m/v
Ex: 25% m/v 25g/100 ml
What happens to the solubility of a solid when temperature changes
INCREASE: solubility increases
DECREASE: solubility decreases
What happens to the solubility of a gas when the temperature changes
INCREASE: solubility decreases
DECREASE: solubility increases
Why do chemical reactions respect the law of conservation of matter
The law of conservation of matter states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed only transformed. Therefore the total mass of the reactant molecules is the same as the product molecule
