Chapter 6 - Reading Smoke Flashcards
The products of incomplete combustion and pyrolysis; it includes an aggregate of particles, aerosols, and fire gases that are toxic, flammable and volatile.
Smoke
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The chemical breakdown of compounds into other substances by heat alone.
Pyrolysis
also known as pyrolitic decomposition
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This is carbon and can support flaming?
Soot (officially “carbon black”)
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This is the trace metals and minerals (depleted salts) that can no longer support flame.
Ash
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Two triggers cause accumulated smoke to ignite:
the right temperature and the right mixture
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An avenue that heat, smoke, flames and combustion air flow.
Flow path
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A rapid fire growth phenomenon that occurs when combustible air is reintroduced into a ventilation-controlled fire, leading to smoke flame-over and room flash overs.
Explosive growth phase
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Six phased growth model
1.
- Ignition (incipient) phase
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Six phased growth model
2.
- Initial growth phase
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Six phased growth model
3.
- Ventilation limited phase
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Six phased growth model
4.
- Explosive growth phase
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A hostile fire event that includes the ignition and sustained burning of the overhead smoke layer within a room and/or hallway.
Flame-over
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Six phased growth model
5.
- Fully developed phase
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Six phased growth model
6.
- Decay phase
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An explosive event that occurs when air is suddenly reintroduced into a closed space that is filled with pressurized, ignition-temperature, and oxygen deprived products of combustion and pyrolysis.
Backdraft
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A fire behavior phenomenon that can suddenly harm firefighters; events include explosive growth phase, flashover, backdraft, smoke explosion and flame-over.
Hostile fire event
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A hostile fire event that occurs when a spark or flame is introduced into a pocket of smoke that is below ignition temperature but above some aggregate flashpoint. The result is a split second ignition (and rapid expansion) of that pocket with no sustained burning.
Smoke explosion
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A hostile fire event warning sign that is characterized as the intermittent ignition of small pockets of smoke; usually seen as fingers of flame that dance through the upper smoke layer.
Ghosting
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A hostile fire event that occurs when a spark or flame is introduced into a pocket of smoke that is below ignition temperature but above some aggregate flashpoint. The result is a split second ignition (and rapid expansion) of that pocket with no sustained burning.
Smoke explosion
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A sudden hostile fire event that occurs when all the surfaces and contents of a space reach their ignition temperature nearly simultaneously, resulting in full room fire involvement.
Flashover
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Smoke has four distinctive characteristics or attributes that combine to tell a story: ?
Volume, velocity, density and color
(VVCD)
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A slang term for smoke that is high-volume, has turbulent velocity, is ultra-dense, and is deep black; a sign of impending auto ignition and flashover.
Black fire
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An avenue that heat, smoke, flames, and combustion air flow.
Flow path
Two forces cause smoke to pressurize in a building:?
Convection heat and smoke volume
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Generally speaking, the faster smoke moves, the more _____ it has.
Heat
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If the flow of smoke is described as agitated, boiling or angry it is considered?
Turbulent
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If the flow of smoke is described as smooth, calm or following a straight line it is considered?
Laminar
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Turbulent smoke is caused by?
Serious heat
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Smoke that is being developed by pyrolysis begins?
Laminar
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, turbulent smoke that has filled a compartment is a warning sign of impending?
Flashover
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The most important smoke observation is whether it’s velocity is ?
Turbulent or laminar
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Turbulent smoke is ready to ?
Ignite
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Laminar smoke leaving a building doesn’t mean safe; it only means that the box is?
Still absorbing heat
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Faster smoke is closer to ?
the fire seat
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Turbulent smoke velocity that is thin and dark indicates that a ?
well-ventilated fire is nearby
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Smoke density tells you?
how bad things are going to be
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Almost all materials, start of by smoking a ________ color, and as applied heat is increased, smoke turns _____, then ______.
whitish / gray / black
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Interpreted from outside a building, thin, black smoke means that ?
open (and ventilated) flaming is nearby
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_______ ______ is a sure sign of impending auto ignition and flashover.
Black fire
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