Chapter 5 - Reading Buildings Flashcards
A load that is imposed through the centroid of another object.
Axial load
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A load that is imposed off center to another object.
Eccentric load
A load that is imposed in a manner that causes another object to twist.
Torsional load
A force that causes a material to be crushed or flattened axially through the material.
Compression
A force that causes a material to be stretched or pulled apart in line with the material.
Tension
A force that causes a material to be torn in opposite directions perpendicular or diagonal to the material.
Shear
The weight of the building itself and anything permanently attached to it.
Dead load
Any force or weight, other than the building itself, that building must carry or absorb.
Live load
Description for a material that will fracture or fail as it is deformed or stressed past its design limits.
Brittle
Description for a material that will bend, deflect, or stretch as a force is resisted, yet retain some strength.
Ductile
A host of products that consist of many pieces of native wood (chips, veneers and sawdust) glued together to make a sheet, a long beam or a strong column.
Engineered wood
A structural element that transfers loads perpendicular to the imposed load.
Beam
A structural element that transmits a compressive force axially through its center.
Column
The crumbling and loss of concrete material when exposed to heat.
Spalling
A decorative wall finish that supports only it own weight.
Veneer wall
The primary load-bearing column, beam, or connection used to erect a building.
Structural element
A beam supported in three or more places.
Continuous beam
A beam supported at only one end, or a beam that extends well past a support in such a way that the unsupported overhang places the top of the beam in tension and the bottom in compression.
Cantilever beam
A beam that spans an opening in a load bearing masonry wall, such as over a garage door opening (often called a “header” in street slang)
Lintel
A beam that carries other beams.
Girder
A series of triangles used to form an open-web structural element to act as beam.
Truss
A structural element used to attach other structural elements to one another.
Connection
The five building types also know as the NFPA _____ system?
NFPA 220
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Type I
Fire resistive
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Type II
Noncombustible
p64
Type III
Ordinary
p64
Type IV
Heavy Timber
p64
Type V
Wood Frame
p64
Concrete encased steel, monolithic poured cement and post-and-beam steel with spray on fire protection coatings are typical of Type ?
Type I
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More often than not, Type ___ buildings are steel.
Type II
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Type ___, includes buildings in which the load-bearing walls are non combustible (masonry) and the roof and floor assemblies are wood.
Type III
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Typically, this building is made of load-bearing brick or CMUs with wood roofs and floor beams and joists.
Type III - ordinary construction
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Type ___ buildings can be defined as those that have block or brick exterior load-bearing walls and interior structural elements of substantial dimension (greater than ___ inches in thickness and width).
Type IV - Heavy Timber
8 inches
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This type of construction is perhaps the most common construction type; homes, small businesses and even chain hotels are built primarily of _____.
Type V - Wood-Frame
wood
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Type __: _____-_____ Construction
This is applied to the interior of the wooden structural elements to protect them from fire.
Type V - Wood-Frame
Gypsum wall board
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A building that is a mix of multiple NFPA 220 types or that does not fit into any of the five types.
Hybrid building
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ICF
Insulated concrete forming
Hybrid buildings
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EPS
expanded polystyrene
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Three types of ICF:
grid block, flat panel and post and beam
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SIP
Structural insulated panel
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OSB
Oriented strand board
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The founders era:
1700s to WWI
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The industrial era:
WWI to WWII
p67
The legacy era:
WWII to roughly 1980
p67
The lightweight era:
1980s to present
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A seemingly decorative star or other metal plate used to distribute force over more bricks or blocks as part of an unseen corrective measure that exists inside a building.
Spreader
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A construction method in which continuous wood studs run from the foundation to the roof, and floors are placed on a shelf- called a ribbon board- that hangs on the interior surface of the studs.
Balloon framing
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A construction method in which a single-story wall is built and the next floor is built on the tops of the wall studs, creating vertical fire-stopping to help minimize fire spread.
Platform framing
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A non-load bearing wall that supports only itself and is used to keep weather out.
Curtain wall
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Temporary shoring, bracing, or form work used to support incomplete structural elements during building construction.
False work
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The area that is exposed to trauma, debris, and/or thrust should a building or part of a building collapse. It is a more specific form of a no-entry zone.
Collapse zone
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A diagonal brace that serves primarily as a column but must absorb some beam forces as well.
Raker
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An event in which the building can accept the failure of a single component and still retain some strength (such as a curtain wall collapse).
Partial collapse
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The complete failure of a building to resist gravity.
General collapse
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A strict order for all crews to immediately escape from a building interior or roof, leaving hose lines and tools that can impede rapid retreat behind.
Emergency evacuation
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A directive for crews to exit a building interior or roof in a orderly manner, bringing hoses and tools along.
Precautionary withdrawal
p74
