Chapter 6 Principles of Pathopysiology Flashcards
metabolism
the cellular function of converting nutrients into energy.
pathophysiology
the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body.
electrolyte
a substance that, when dissolved in water, separates into charged particles.
aerobic metabolism
the cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner with minimal waste products.
anaerobic metabolism
the cellular process in which glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen. Energy is produced in an inefficient manner with many waste products.
FiO2
fraction of inspired oxygen; the concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe.
patent
open and clear; free from obstruction.
tidal volume
the volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing.
minute volume
the amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by the number of breaths per minute.
dead air space
air that occupies the space between the mouth and alveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange.
chemoreceptors
chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
plasma oncotic pressure
the pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream.
hydrostatic pressure
the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel.
stretch receptors
sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure.
systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
the pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome in order to pump blood into the system.
stroke volume
the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction.
cardiac output
the amount of blood ejected from the heart in 1 minute. (heart rate X stroke volume).
V/Q match
ventilation/perfusion match. This implies that the aveoli are supplied with enough air and that the air in the aveoli is matched with sufficient blood in the pulmonary capillaries to permit optimum exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
perfusion
the supply of oxygen to, and removal of wastes from , the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
hypoperfusion
inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. Also called shock.
shock
the inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. Also called hypoperfusion. A life-threatening condition.
dehydration
an abnormally low amount of water in the body.
edema
swelling associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space.
hypersensitivity
an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance.
