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EMT > Chapter 5 Medical Terminology Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Medical Terminology Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

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0
Q

root

A

foundation of a word that is not a word that can stand on its own

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1
Q

compound

A

a word formed from two or more whole words

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2
Q

combining form

A

a word root with an added vowel that can be joined with other words, roots or suffixes to form a new word

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3
Q

prefix

A

word part added to the begining of a root or word to modify or qualify its meaning

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4
Q

suffix

A

word part added to the end of a root or word to complete its meaning

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5
Q

anatomy

A

the study of body structure

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6
Q

physiology

A

the study of body function

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7
Q

anatomical position

A

the standard reference position for the body in the study of anatomy. In this position, the body is standing erect, facing the observer, with arms down at the sides and the palms of hands foward.

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8
Q

plane

A

a flat surface formed when slicing through a solid object.

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9
Q

midline

A

an imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing it into right and left halves.

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10
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

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11
Q

lateral

A

to the side, away from the midline of the body

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12
Q

bilateral

A

on both sides

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13
Q

mid-axillary line

A

a line drown vertically from the middle of the armpit to the ankle.

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14
Q

anterior

A

the front of the body or body part

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15
Q

posterior

A

the back of the body or body part.

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16
Q

ventral

A

referring to the front of the body. A synonym for anterior.

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17
Q

dorsal

A

referring to the back of the body or the back of the hand or foot. A synonym for posterior.

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18
Q

superior

A

toward the head (e.g., the chest is superior to the abdomen)

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19
Q

inferior

A

away from the head; usually compared with another structure that is closer to the head (e.g., the lips are inferior to the nose)

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20
Q

proximal

A

closer to the torso

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21
Q

distal

A

farther away from the torso.

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22
Q

palmar

A

referring to the palm of the hand.

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23
Q

plantar

A

referring to the sole of the foot.

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24
Q

mid-clavicular line

A

the line through the center of each clavicle.

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25
Q

abdominal quadrants

A

four divisions of the abdomen used to pinpoint the location of a pain or injury: the right upper quadrant (RUQ), the left upper quadrant (LUP), the right lower quadrant (RLQ), and the left lower quadrant (LLQ).

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26
Q

supine

A

lying on the back

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27
Q

prone

A

lying face down.

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28
Q

recovery position

A

lying on the side. Also called the lateral recumbent position.

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29
Q

Fowler position

A

a sitting position.

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30
Q

Trendelenburg position

A

a position in which the patient’s feet and legs are higher than the head.

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31
Q

musculoskeletal

A

the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement.

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32
Q

skeleton

A

the bones of the body.

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33
Q

muscle

A

tissue that can contract to allow movement of a body part.

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34
Q

ligament

A

tissue that connects bone to bone

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35
Q

tendon

A

tissue that connects muscle to bone.

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36
Q

skull

A

the bony structure of the head.

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37
Q

cranium

A

the top, back, and sides of the skull.

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38
Q

mandible

A

the lower jaw bone.

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39
Q

maxillae

A

the two fused bones forming the upper jaw.

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40
Q

nasal bones

A

the nose bones.

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41
Q

orbits

A

the bony structures around the eyes.

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42
Q

zygomatic arches

A

bones that form the structure of the cheeks.

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43
Q

vertebrae

A

the 33 bones of the spinal column.

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44
Q

thorax

A

the chest.

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45
Q

sternum

A

the breastbone.

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46
Q

manubrium

A

the superior portion of the sternum.

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47
Q

xiphoid process

A

the inferior portion of the sternum.

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48
Q

pelvis

A

the basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities.

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49
Q

ilium

A

the superior and widest portion of the pelvis.

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50
Q

ischium

A

the lower, posterior portions of the pelvis.

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51
Q

pubis

A

the medial anterior portion of the pelvis.

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52
Q

acetabulum

A

the pelvic socket into which the ball of the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint.

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53
Q

femur

A

the large bone of the thigh.

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54
Q

patella

A

the kneecap.

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55
Q

tibia

A

the medial and larger bone of the lower leg.

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56
Q

fibula

A

the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg.

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57
Q

malleolus

A

protrusion on the side of the ankle. The lateral malleolus, at the lower end of the fibula, is seen on the outer ankle; the medial malleolus, at the lower end of the tibia, is seen on the inner ankle.

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58
Q

tarsals

A

the ankle bones.

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59
Q

metatarsals

A

the foot bones.

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60
Q

calcaneus

A

the heel bone.

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61
Q

phalanges

A

the toe bones.

62
Q

clavicle

A

the collar bone.

63
Q

scapula

A

the shoulder blade.

64
Q

acromion

A

the highest portion of the shoulder.

65
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A

the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet.

66
Q

humerus

A

the bone of the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow.

67
Q

radius

A

the lateral bone of the forearm.

68
Q

ulna

A

the medial bone of the forearm.

69
Q

carpals

A

the wrist bones.

70
Q

metacarpals

A

the hand bones.

71
Q

joint

A

the point where two bones come together.

72
Q

voluntary muscle

A

muscle that can be consciously controlled.

73
Q

involuntary muscle

A

muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled.

74
Q

cardiac muscle

A

specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart.

75
Q

automaticity

A

the ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own.

76
Q

respiratory system

A

the system of the nose, mouth, throat, lungs, and muscles that brings oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide.

77
Q

oropharynx

A

the area directly posterior to the mouth.

78
Q

nasophrynx

A

the area directly posterior to the nose.

79
Q

pharynx

A

the area directly posterior to the mouth and nose. It is made of of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx.

80
Q

epiglottis

A

a leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea.

81
Q

larynx

A

the voice box.

82
Q

cricoid

A

the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx.

83
Q

trachea

A

the “windpipe”; the structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs.

84
Q

lungs

A

the organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide take place.

85
Q

bronchi

A

the two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs. There are right and left bronchi. Singular bronchus.

86
Q

alveoli

A

the microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place.

87
Q

diaphragm

A

the muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. A major muscle of respiration.

88
Q

inhalation

A

an active process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs.

89
Q

exhalation

A

a passive process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and air to flow out of the lungs.

90
Q

ventilation

A

the process of moving gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of blood.

91
Q

respiration

A

the process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood and the cells.

92
Q

cardiovascular system

A

the system made up of the heart (cardio) and the blood vessels (vascular); the circulatory system

93
Q

atria

A

the two upper chambers of the heart. There is a right atrium(which receives unoxygenated blood returning from the body) and the left atrium (which receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs).

94
Q

ventricles

A

the two lower chambers of the heart. There is a right ventricle (which sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs) and a left ventricle (which sends oxygen-rich blood to the body).

95
Q

venae cavae

A

the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. These two major veins return blood from the body to the right atrium. (Venae cavae is plural, vena cava singular).

96
Q

valve

A

a structure that opens and closes to permit the flow of a fluid in only one direction.

97
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

a system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat.

98
Q

artery

A

any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart.

99
Q

coronary arteries

A

blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart (myocardium)

100
Q

aorta

A

the largest artery in the body. It transports blood from the left ventricle to begin systemic circulation.

101
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

the vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.

102
Q

carotid arteries

A

the large neck arteries, on on each side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head.

103
Q

femoral artery

A

the major artery supplying the leg.

104
Q

brachial artery

A

artery of the upper arm; the site of the pulse checked during infant CPR.

105
Q

radial artery

A

artery of the lower arm. it is felt when taking the pulse at the wrist.

106
Q

posterior tibial artery

A

artery supplying the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe.

107
Q

arteriole

A

the smallest kind of artery.

108
Q

capillary

A

a thin-walled, microscopic blood vessel where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body’s cells takes place.

109
Q

venule

A

the smallest kind of vein.

110
Q

vein

A

any blood vessel returning blood to the heart.

111
Q

pulmonary veins

A

the vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

112
Q

plasma

A

the fluid portion of the blood.

113
Q

red blood cells

A

components of the blood. They carry oxygen to, and carbon dioxide away from, the cells.

114
Q

white blood cells

A

components of the blood. They produce substances that help the body fight infection.

115
Q

platelets

A

components of the blood; membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells.

116
Q

pulse

A

the rhythmic beats caused as waves of blood move through and expand the arteries.

117
Q

peripheral pulses

A

the radial, brachial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses, which can be felt at the peripheral (outlying) pints of the body

118
Q

central pulses

A

the carotid and femoral pulses, which can be felt in the central part of the body.

119
Q

blood pressure

A

the pressure caused by blood exerting force against the walls of blood vessels. Usually arterial blood pressure (the pressure in an artery) is measured. There are two parts: diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure.

120
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation.

121
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

the pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling.

122
Q

perfusion

A

the supply of oxygen to, and removal of wastes from, the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.

123
Q

nervous system

A

the system of brain, spinal cord, and nerves that govern sensation, movement, and thought.

124
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord.

125
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the nerves that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord.

126
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions.

127
Q

digestive system

A

system by which food travels through the body and is digested, or broken down into absorbable forms.

128
Q

stomach

A

muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins.

129
Q

small intestine

A

the muscular tube between the stomach and the large intestine, divided into the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum, which receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues digestion. Nutrients are absorbed by the body through its walls.

130
Q

large intestine

A

the muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion from the body.

131
Q

liver

A

the largest organ of the body, which produces bile to assist in breakdown of fats and assists in the metabolism of various substances in the body.

132
Q

gallbladder

A

a sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile produced by the liver.

133
Q

pancreas

A

a gland located behind the stomach that produces insulin and juices that assist in digestion of food in the duodenum of the small intestine.

134
Q

spleen

A

an organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that acts as a blood filtration system and a reservoir for reserves of blood.

135
Q

appendix

A

a small tube located near the junction of the small and large intestines in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, the function of which is not well understood. Its inflammation called appendicitis, is a common cause of abdominal pain.

136
Q

skin

A

the layer of tissue between the body and the external environment

137
Q

epidermis

A

the outer layer of skin

138
Q

dermis

A

the inner (second) layer of skin, rich in blood vessels and nerves, found beneath the epidermis.

139
Q

subcutaneous layers

A

the layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis.

140
Q

endocrine system

A

system of glands that produce chemicals called hormones that help to regulate many body activities and functions.

141
Q

insulin

A

a hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics.

142
Q

epiephrine

A

a hormone produced by the body. As a medication, it dilates respiratory passages and is used to relieve severe allergic reactions.

143
Q

renal system

A

the body system that regulates fluid balance and the filtration of blood. Also called the urinary system.

144
Q

kidneys

A

organs of the renal system used to filter blood and regulate fluid levels in the body.

145
Q

bladder

A

the round sac-like organ of the renal system used as a reservoir for urine.

146
Q

ureters

A

the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder.

147
Q

urethra

A

tube connecting the bladder to the vagina or penis for excretion of urine.

148
Q

reproductive system

A

the body system that is responsible for human reproduction.

149
Q

testes

A

the male organ of reproduction used for the production of sperm.

150
Q

penis

A

the organ of male reproduction responsible for sexual intercourse and the transfer of sperm.

151
Q

ovaries

A

egg-producing organs within the female reproductive system.

152
Q

uterus

A

female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.

153
Q

vagina

A

the female organ of reproduction used for both sexual intercourse and as an exit from the uterus for the fetus.

EMT (12 decks)

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