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GCSE Biology LTS > Chapter 6 Preventing and Treating Diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Preventing and Treating Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A vaccine is a dead microbe or part of a microbe that teaches your body how to fight a live one.

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2
Q

What does MMR vaccinate against?

A

Measles, mumps and rubella

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3
Q

How does vaccination stop you from getting sick?

A

Vaccinations give people immunity to disease.

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4
Q

What are 2 types of immunity?

A

Natural and artificial immunity.

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5
Q

What type of immunity does vaccination give you?

A

Artificial immunity.

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6
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Cells have proteins and other substances on their surfaces that are only found on those types of cells. These are called antigens.

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7
Q

How do lymphocytes (white blood cells) use antigens?

A

Lymphocytes are able to recognise cells as ‘self’ or ‘non-self’. Pathogens like bacteria, viruses and fungi have antigens on their surfaces recognised as ‘non-self’ by lymphocytes.

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8
Q

What happens once a lymphocyte recognises an antigen on a pathogen?

A

It begins to produce antibodies which have a shape that is complementary to the antigen and allow them to bind to it.

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9
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Herd immunity is when unvaccinated members of a population are prevented from infection through having a large proportion of the population vaccinated.

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10
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

Painkillers treat the symptoms of disease but they do not kill the pathogens that cause the disease.

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11
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Antibiotics kill bacterial pathogens that cause illness.

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12
Q

Give some examples of antibiotics.

A

Penicillin, tetracycline.

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13
Q

Why do doctors prescribe different antibiotics depending on the bacteria you are infected with?

A

Specific bacteria need to be treated with specific antibiotics because different antibiotics might not work.

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14
Q

How can doctor’s be sure the antibiotic prescribed will work on the infection you have?

A

Doctor’s can take a swap to sample the bacteria and then culture it on a plate. They can then use different antibiotics on the culture to see which is the most effective.

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15
Q

How do antibiotics kill bacteria?

A

Antibiotics stop cellular processes that happen in bacteria but not animal cells. This way the bacterial cells die but your own cells are unharmed. One way they work is by targeting bacterial cell walls.

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16
Q

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A

Overuse of antibiotics allows bacteria to evolve resistance.

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17
Q

Can antibiotics be used to treat viral infections like influenza or the common cold?

A

No, antibiotics can only be used to treat bacterial infections.

18
Q

Why are antibiotics ineffective on viruses?

A

Viruses live inside cells and antibodies work on the surface of pathogens.

19
Q

What are antiviral medications?

A

Antiviral medications can help treat viral infections.

20
Q

Why are there very few antiviral medications used?

A

It is very difficult to develop drugs to treat viruses without also damaging the body’s tissues.

21
Q

What was the source of most traditional drugs?

A

Plants

22
Q

What is digitalis used for and where does it come from?

A

Digitalis is used to treat heart conditions and it comes from Foxgloves.

23
Q

What is aspirin used for and where does it come from?

A

Aspirin is used as a painkiller and it comes from Willow trees.

24
Q

What is penicillin used for and where does it come from?

A

Penicillin is used as an antibiotic and it comes from the mould Penicillium.

25
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming.

26
Q

What 3 things are new drugs tested for?

A

Toxicity, efficacy and dose.

27
Q

What does toxicity mean?

A

Toxicity is how poisonous or harmful a substance is.

28
Q

What are side effects?

A

Side effects are unintended unpleasant effects such as nausea, headache, bleeding or heart damage.

29
Q

What does efficacy mean?

A

Efficacy is how well a drug is at treating the condition it is meant to treat.

30
Q

What are the 3 stages in pre-clinical trials?

A

Testing on:
1. Cells

  1. Tissues
  2. Live animals
31
Q

What are the stages in clinical trials?

A
  1. Testing on healthy volunteers

Very low doses are given to healthy volunteers
If the drug is found to be safe then trials continue to determine safe doses.
2. Testing on patients

Some patients are given the drug and others are given a placebo in a double blind trial.

32
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A placebo is a tablet or something like the real treatment but without the actual medicine.

33
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

This is when neither the researcher nor the patient knows whether they have been given the drug or the placebo. It is done to reduce bias.

34
Q

Why are the results of drug testing trials studied in detail by other scientists?

A

To avoid bias and to make sure the claims are true. It also stops the drug companies from making any false claims.

35
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?
(TRIPLE ONLY)

A

A monoclonal antibody is an antibody produced from cloned cells. They are specific to proteins on the surface of the pathogen it was produced to fight against.

36
Q

How does a monoclonal antibody work?
(TRIPLE ONLY)

A
  1. The monoclonal antibody is specific to an antigen (protein on the surface of a pathogen)
  2. The monoclonal antibody attaches to the surface of the pathogen.
  3. This stops the pathogen from binding to the human cells.
  4. Lymphocytes neutralise the pathogen.
37
Q

Give 4 uses for monoclonal antibodies.
(TRIPLE ONLY)

A
  1. For diagnosis as in pregnancy tests.
  2. In laboratories to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in the blood (like in drug tests) or to detect pathogens.
  3. In research to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding them with a fluorescent dye.
  4. To treat some diseases such as cancer. The monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance or a drug. It can then deliver the radiation or drug to the cancer cells without harming healthy cells.
38
Q

Describe how a pregnancy test works.
(TRIPLE ONLY)

A
  1. As urine passes through reaction zone hCG hormone binds to the mobile hCG antibody (in the reaction zone).
  2. The mixture passes up the stick and hCG hormone binds to the immobilised hCG antibodies in the results zone.
  3. The other antibodies which do not attach to HCG bind to antibodies in the control zone.
  4. A blue dye appears in both control and results zones to show a positive result.
39
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies not used more widely?
(TRIPLE ONLY)

A

Monoclonal antibodies create side effects.

40
Q

Describe the stages in the production of monoclonal antibodies.
(TRIPLE ONLY)

A
  1. Inject the mouse with the virus (or pathogen) you would like antibodies against.
  2. This stimulates the mouse to make lymphocytes to produce the antibody.
  3. The mouse lymphocytes are fused with tumour cells to produce hybridoma cells.
  4. The hybridoma cells are cloned and they divide rapidly.
  5. The hybridoma cells produce antibodies that are specific to the virus (or pathogen).
  6. The antibodies are extracted and purified.

GCSE Biology LTS (7 decks)

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