Chapter 1 Part 1 Cell Structure

Question 1

List the 5 structures found in an animal cell.

Answer 1

Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosome and mitochondria.

Question 2

In addition to the cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, ribosomes and mitochondria, which 3 structures are found in a plant cell.

Answer 2

Plant cells contain the same five organelles as an animal cell plus a vacuole, cell wall and chloroplasts.

Question 3

List 8 structures found in bacterial cells.

Answer 3

Bacterial cells contain genetic material, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall, cell membrane, capsule and plasmids. Some also have flagella.

Question 4

Draw and label a plant cell and an animal cell.

Answer 4

Question 5

Draw and label a bacterial cell.

Answer 5

Question 6

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 6

The Cytoplasm is the site of chemical reactions.

Question 7

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 7

The Nucleus contains DNA and controls all the activities of the cell.

Question 8

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 8

The Cell Membrane controls the entry and exit of substances from the cell.

Question 9

What is the function of the ribosome?

Answer 9

The Ribosome is the site of protein synthesis (production) within a cell.

Question 10

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 10

The Mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration (energy release).

Question 11

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 11

The Cell Wall is a rigid structure which provides support to the cell. In plant and algal cells it is made of cellulose.

Question 12

What is the function of the vacuole?

Answer 12

The Vacuole is a fluid filled cavity containing cell sap that helps store water and nutrients within the plant. It also provides support.

Question 13

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

Answer 13

The Chloroplasts contain a green pigment (chlorophyll) which traps sunlight for photosynthesis. These are found in algal cells and some plant cells.

Question 14

What is a plasmid and in what type of cells is it found?

Answer 14

The Plasmid is a ring of DNA found in bacterial cells.

Question 15

What are plant and algal cell walls made from? What does this substance do to the cell?

Answer 15

Plant cell walls are made out of cellulose, bacterial cell walls are made out of a different substance. Cellulose strengthens the cell.

Question 16

What type of cells are prokaryotic? Which types are eukaryotic?

Answer 16

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic while plant and animal cells are eukaryotic.

Question 17

Which types of cells are single-celled? Which type can be multicellular?

Answer 17

All bacteria are single celled. Eukaryotes can be single celled or multicellular.

Question 18

How does the structure and location of DNA differ between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 18

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nucleus. Prokaryotic cells have DNA in a loop found in the cytoplasm.

Question 19

Which are bigger, eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells?

Answer 19

Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Question 20

What is magnification?

Answer 20

Magnification is the measure of how much an image is enlarged.

Question 21

What is resolution?

Answer 21

Resolution is a measure of how easily you can distinguish between 2 points.

Question 22

What type of microscope do we use in school to study cells? Label the diagram

Answer 22

We use light microscopes in the classroom to study cells. The parts of the microscope are labelled on the diagram below.

Question 23

How do you calculate the total magnification of a light microscope?

Answer 23

The magnification of a microscope can be calculated by multiplying the magnification of the eyepiece lens with the magnification of the objective lens.

Question 24

How are electron microscopes better than light microscopes?

Answer 24

Electron microscopes have better resolution and can magnify images more than light microscopes. This means that it can be used to study cells in much finer detail. This has enabled biologists to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures.

Question 25

If you know the size of an image and the real size of an object how can you calculate magnification? Give the equation.

Answer 25

We can use the equation

magnification = size of image
size of real object

to calculate magnification. The equation can be rearranged to calculate the size of the image or the size of the real object.

Question 26

Complete the table
1 kilometre (km) = _____ metres (m)
1 m = ___ centimetres (cm)
1 cm = ___millimetres (mm)
1 mm = ____ micrometres (µm)
1 µm = ____ nanometres (nm)

Answer 26

Units of measurement
1 kilometre (km) = 1000 metres (m)
1 m = 100 centimetres (cm)
1 cm = 10 millimetres (mm)
1 mm = 1000 micrometres (µm)
1 µm = 1000 nanometres (nm)

Question 27

What should scientific drawings include?

Answer 27

Scientific drawings are simple and should include visible structures and the magnification.

Question 28

Almost all cells in multicellular organisms are specialised. What does this mean?

Answer 28

Almost all cells in multicellular organisms are specialised. They have structures that are adapted to suit their functions.

Question 29

List 3 plant cells that have specialised functions.

Answer 29

Specialised cells in plants include root hair cells, photosynthetic cells, phloem and xylem.

Question 30

Give 3 ways that root hair cells in plants are suited to their function.

Answer 30

In plant cells root hair cells have a large surface area for osmosis to take place. They also have a large vacuole to hold the water and many mitochondria.

Question 31

How are photosynthetic cells suited to their function?

Answer 31

Photosynthetic cells contain many chloroplasts.

Question 32

What is the function of phloem cells? Give 2 ways they are suited to their function.

Answer 32

Phloem are specialised cells for the transport of the food made in photosynthesis. They have companion cells to provide energy and sieve plates to allow food to flow between cells.

Question 33

What is the function of xylem? Give 3 ways they are suited to their function.

Answer 33

Xylem tubes are hollow and dead to allow for the transport of water. They are lined with lignin to provide strength.

Question 34

List 3 specialised cells in animals.

Answer 34

Specialised cells in animals include:

Question 35

What is the function of nerve cells? Give 2 ways they are specialised to carry out this function.

Answer 35

Nerve cells need to transport messages over long distances. They are able to do this by having long axons and dendrites that connect to other cells. They also have lots of mitochondria to provide the energy needed for the transmission of messages.

Question 36

What is the function of muscle cells? Give 3 ways they are well suited to their function.

Answer 36

Muscle cells contract to move bones. To be able to do this they have special muscles able to move over each other. They also have many mitochondria to provide the energy needed to contract and are able to store glycogen to fuel respiration.

Question 37

What is the function of sperm cells? Give 3 ways they are well suited to this function.

Answer 37

Sperm cells need to swim long distances to reach an egg for fertilisation to take place. They are specially adapted to have a tail for swimming, lots of mitochondria and special enzymes to break through the surface of the egg.