Chapter 6 - Police Operations, Strategies, & Engagement

Question 1

clearance rates

Answer 1

the proportion of the actual incidents known to the police that result in the identification of a suspect

Can be problematic – when looking at crime rates, does a higher crime rate mean the police are ineffective? Or does it mean they are catching more criminals?

Question 2

crime displacement

Answer 2

the relocation- due to effective crime prevention and crime response initiatives- of criminal activity from one locale to another

Instead of reducing crime, criminals just move to a neighborhood that doesn’t have crime prevention programs

Question 3

3 policing models

Answer 3

Professional model of policing

Community policing

Community-based strategic policing

Question 4

professional model of policing

Answer 4

A model of police work that is reactive, incident-driven, and centered on random patrol

Based on the three R’s:
- Random patrol
- Rapid response
- Reactive investigation

Question 5

community policing

Answer 5

A philosophy of policing centered on police-community partnerships and problem-solving

The idea is that the police and the community must work together as equal partners to identify, prioritize and solve problems, and improve quality of life

Based on the three P’s:
- Prevention
- Problem-solving
- Partnership with the community

the police assume a proactive role in addressing issues in the community

Question 6

community-based strategic policing

Answer 6

• Evolved from the Community Policing model
• Incorporates the key principles of community policing with crime prevention, crime response, and crime attack approaches
• Community engagement and police services being strategic in their policies and operations

Question 7

intelligence-led policing

Answer 7

policing that is guided by the collection and analysis of information that is used to inform police decision-making at both the tactical and strategic levels

Ex: crime maps – they illustrate the incidence and patterns of specific types of criminal activity, which can then be used to identify crime hot spots

Question 8

compstat

Answer 8

a strategy designed to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of police services while holding police personnel accountable for achieving crime reduction objectives

Question 9

predictive policing

Answer 9

the use of statistical analysis to identify the time and location where criminal activity is likely to occur
- May be the most sophisticated analytical approach, but still early in development
- Many police services have only a limited analytical capacity and are not able to provide their officers with real-time information on a crime
- Biased policing may contribute to certain areas/persons being identified as important for police attention in this model

Question 10

Strategies used in community-based strategic policing

Answer 10

• Recruitment and deployment of volunteers in community police stations and storefronts
• Foot and bike patrols
• Team policing

Question 11

restorative justice approaches

Answer 11

• Victim-offender mediation
• Circle sentencing
• Community holistic healing programs
• Family group conferences

Question 12

primary crime prevention programs

Answer 12

identify opportunities for criminal offences and alter those conditions to reduce the likelihood of a crime being committed (such as CCTVs)

Question 13

secondary crime prevention programs

Answer 13

• focus on areas that produce crime and disorder
• Some focus on identifying high-risk offenders and include analyses that target high-crime areas
• Other programs focus on helping vulnerable groups avoid becoming the victims of crime

Question 14

Tertiary crime prevention programs

Answer 14

• Designed to prevent youths and adults from reoffending
• Directed towards first-time, less serious offenders, and typically have a high rate of success

Question 15

2 categories of crime prevention in Indigenous communities

Answer 15

Programs that are part of an overall crime prevention strategy, developed by senior police administrators, and implemented in both Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities

Programs that are developed by police officers at the local level in collaboration with chiefs, band councils, and community residents
- Most effective because community residents play an active role

Question 16

challenges in crime prevention

Answer 16

• The public is often not aware of police crime prevention initiatives
• Citizens who do participate in community crime prevention initiatives tend to live in neighborhoods with few problems

Question 17

3 crime response strategies

Answer 17

The Broken Windows Approach

Zero-Tolerance Policing

Problem-Oriented Policing (POP)

Question 18

the broken windows approach

Answer 18

• The view that if minor crimes are left unaddressed in an environment, more serious crime will emerge
• Originated in New York City and was associated with significant reduction in crime
• Emphasizes rapid deployment of officers and relentless follow-up

Question 19

zero tolerance policing

Answer 19

strict-order maintenance approach by the police in a specific area, coupled with high police visibility and presence, with a focus on disorder and minor infractions, will reduce more serious criminal activity
- quality of life policing
- aggressive, can be over-policing, racial profiling

Question 20

problem-oriented policing (POP)

Answer 20

• A tactical strategy based on the idea that the police should address the causes of recurrent crime and disorder
• Address the root causes of recurring problems and find solutions
• Often in collaboration with the community
• The iceberg (or 80/20) rule, that crime (20% of iceberg) is only a visible symptom of invisible, much larger problems (80% under water’s surface)
• The SARA problem-solving model helps officers identify and respond to problems
• Problem-solving is central to the RCMP’s CAPRA model

Question 21

SARA model

Answer 21

scanning
analysis
response
assessment

a problem-solving model helps officers identify and respond to problems, with the assistance of various agencies, organizations, and community groups

Question 22

CAPRA Model

Answer 22

focusing on Clients
Acquiring and Analyzing information
developing and maintaining Partnerships
generating an appropriate Response
Assessing the intervention

Question 23

crime attack strategies

Answer 23

Proactive operations used by the police to target and apprehend criminal offenders, especially those deemed likely to reoffend, and to identify specific areas or neighborhoods

These include:
- Increased patrol visibility, including foot patrols
- Proactive policing by patrol officers
- Rapid patrol response

Question 24

tactical-directed patrol (hot spots policing)

Answer 24

involves saturating high crime areas with police officers, or targeting individuals engaged in specific types of criminal activity
- This may include areas that generate frequent hard crimes or soft crime calls

Question 25

training for PwMI

Answer 25

Officers receive crisis intervention training (CIT) where they learn about mental illness and various strategies for managing encounters with PwMI

Assertive outreach programs – teams comprised of a police officer and psychiatrist who intervene in the 72 hours after a person is released from the hospital psych unit

Assertive community treatment (ACT) teams – teams that include psychiatrists, social workers, nurses, vocational counsellors, etc

Question 26

Robert “Willie” Pickton

Answer 26

• During the mid-to-late 1990s, a number of sex trade workers from Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside began to go missing
• Pickton was arrested in 2002, and the search for evidence on his property became the largest and most expensive police investigation in Canadian history
• estimated he killed 65 women on his farm in a 15-year period
• In 2007, he was convicted of second-degree murder of six women