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Psychology > Chapter 6: Personality, Motivation, Attitudes, and Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Personality, Motivation, Attitudes, and Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

personality

A

the individual pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior associated with each person

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2
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

developed the idea of psychoanalytic theory

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3
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

the idea that personality is shaped by a person’s unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories, which are derived from his or her past experiences (especially interactions with their primary care giver)

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4
Q

According to psychoanalytic theory, what two instinctual drives motivate human behavior?

A
  1. libido- drives behaviors focused on survival, growth, creativity, pain avoidance, and pleasure
  2. death instinct- drives aggressive behaviors fueled by an unconscious wish to die or hurt oneself or others
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5
Q

According to psychoanalytic theory, what three components make up personality?

A
  1. id
  2. ego
  3. superego
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6
Q

id

A

is largely unconscious; is the source of energy and instincts; is ruled by the pleasure principle (seeks to avoid pain and gain pleasure); does not use logic or reasoning

(young children function almost entirely from the id)

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7
Q

ego

A

is ruled by the reality principle (uses logical thinking and planning to control consciousness and the id); tries to find realistic ways to satisfy the id

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8
Q

superego

A

inhibits the id and influences the ego to follow moralistic and ideal goals, rather than just realistic goals; makes judgments of right and wrong and strives for perfection

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9
Q

Freud’s Five Psychosexual Stages

A
  1. The Oral Stage (the child seeks sensual pleasure through oral activities such as sucking and chewing)
  2. The Anal Stage (the child seeks sensual pleasure through control of elimination)
  3. The Phallic Stage (the child seeks sensual pleasure through the genitals); during this stage, the child is sexually attracted to the opposite sex parent and hostile to the same sex parent (is called the Oedipus complex in males and the Electra complex in females); during this stage, females develop penis envy because they don’t have one
  4. The Latency Stage (sexual interests subside and are replaced by other interests)
  5. The Genital Stage (begins in adolescence when sexual themes resurface)
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10
Q

Followers of Freud

A

Carl Jung
Karen Horney
Alfred Adler
Erik Erikson

(had more optimistic views of humanity than Freud and saw personality as more changeable throughout the lifespan, rather than as determined only by childhood experiences)

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11
Q

Erik Erikson

A

extended Freud’s theory of developmental stages by adding social an interpersonal factors to supplement Freud’s focus on unconscious conflict within a person
(developed 8 fundamental stages)

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12
Q

psychoanalytic therapy

A

uses various methods to help a patient become aware of his or her unconscious motives and to gain insight into the emotional issues and conflicts that are presenting difficulties; tries to strengthen the ego, so that choices can be made based on reality, rather than on instinct (id) or guilt (superego)

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13
Q

Carl Rogers

A

developed the idea of humanistic theory

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14
Q

humanistic psychology

A

the idea that humans are inherently good and have a free will, rather than having their behavior determined by early relationships

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15
Q

According to humanistic theory, what is the most basic motive for all people?

A

the actualizing tendency (an innate drive to maintain and enhance oneself)

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16
Q

humanistic therapy (person-centered therapy)

A

provides an environment that will help clients trust and accept themselves and their emotional reactions, so that they can learn and grow from their experiences (uses the term client rather than patient to suggest the inherent health of the person)

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17
Q

behaviorist perspective

A

the idea that personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on a person’s environment (environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual’s subsequent behavior and personality)

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18
Q

According to behaviorism, learning occurs through what two forms of conditioning?

A
  1. classical conditioning (a person acquires a certain response to a stimulus after that stimulus is repeatedly paired with a second, different stimulus that already produces the desired response)
  2. operant conditioning (behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them; consequences can be either positive or negative, referring to whether they involve the presence or absence of a particular stimulus)
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19
Q

behavioral therapy

A

uses conditioning to shape a client’s behaviors in the desired direction; uses the ABC model (the therapist determines the antecedents (stimulus) and consequences of the behavior)

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20
Q

social cognitive perspective

A

personality is formed by reciprocal interactions among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors

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21
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

focuses on the idea that a person’s feelings and behaviors are reactions not to actual events, but to their thoughts about those events; therapy helps to get rid of these irrational thoughts and substitute them with rational and actual beliefs

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22
Q

personality trait

A

a generally stable predisposition towards a certain behavior

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23
Q

According to trait theorists, what two types of traits exist?

A
  1. surface traits (evident from a person’s behavior)
  2. source traits (factors underlying human personality and behavior)
    traits are not binary, but exist on a continuum
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24
Q

Raymond Catell

A

identified 16 surface traits, 15 of which could be reduced down to 5 global factors (source traits): extroversion, anxiety, receptivity, accommodation, and self-control

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25
Q

McCrae and Costa’s Five Factor Model

A 
Extroversion
Neuroticism 
Openness to Experience
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
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26
Q

biological perspective

A

the idea that personality is at least partly due to innate biological difference among people; is supported by the fact that basic personality traits are heritable

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27
Q

the person-situation controversy (trait versus state controversy)

A

considers the degree to which a person’s reaction in a given situation is due to their personality or to the situation

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28
Q

traits

A

internal, stable, and enduring aspects of personality that should be consistent across most situations

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29
Q

states

A

unstable, temporary, and variable aspects of personality that are influenced by the external environment

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30
Q

instincts

A

unlearned behaviors that are present in fixed patterns throughout a species (represent the contribution of genes)

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31
Q

drives

A

urges originating from physiological discomfort such as hunger, thirst, or sleepiness

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32
Q

needs

A

in addition to physiological drives, includes higher level needs such as aspirations, a need for belonging, etc.

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33
Q

incentives

A

external stimuli, objects, and events in the environment that help or discourage certain behaviors (as opposed to drives, which are internal)

34
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

sought to describe human behavior by creating a hierarchy of needs (first we meet physiological needs; when those are met, we seek safety; then love and belongingness; then self esteem needs; and finally self actualization

35
Q

psychological disorder

A

a set of behavioral and/or physiological symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms and that are severe enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning

36
Q

panic disorders

A

a type of anxiety disorder; a person has suffered at least one panic attack and is worried about having more of them (can be causes by something, but are often uncued)

37
Q

panic attacks

A

causes a person to experience intense dread along with shortness of breath, chest pain, a choking sensation, and cardiac symptoms; last less than 30 mins, but can be debilitating

38
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

a type of anxiety disorder; causes a person to feel tense or anxious most of the time about many issues, but does not lead to panic attacks; the source of the stress can change or there may be no identifiable source; the distress is not severe and includes restlessness, tiring easily, difficult concentrating, irritability, etc.

39
Q

phobia

A

a type of anxiety disorder; occurs when a person feels a strong fear that they recognize as unreasonable, but almost always causes either generalized anxiety or a panic attack when presented with it; can either be a specific phobia or a social phobia

40
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

a type of anxiety disorder; arises when a person feels intense fear, horror, or helplessness while experiencing, witnessing, or otherwise confronting an extremely traumatic experience that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury to the self or others; symptoms must be present for at least one month

41
Q

acute stress disorder

A

is similar to PTSD, but symptoms are present for less than one month

42
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

a type of anxiety disorder; occurs when a person has obsessions, compulsions, or both

43
Q

obsessions

A

repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or impulses that cause distress or anxiety; the person knows the thoughts are irrational and tries to disregard them or neutralize them through compulsive behaviors

44
Q

compulsions

A

repeated mental or physical behaviors that are done in response to an obsession in order to reduce stress or prevent something dreaded from occurring; the person realizes that the behavior is not reasonable

45
Q

somatoform disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized primarily by physical symptoms, which may mimic physical diseases, but are not explainable medically and do not improve with medical treatment

46
Q

conversion disorder

A

a type of somatoform disorder; occurs when a person experiences changes in sensory or motor function that has no discernible cause and seems to be affected by psychological factors

47
Q

pain disorder

A

a type of somatoform disorder; occurs when a person experiences clinically important pain whose onset or severity seems significantly affected by psychological factors

48
Q

somatization disorder

A

a type of somatoform disorder; occurs when a person experiences a variety of physical symptoms over an extended period that have caused significant impairment

49
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A

a type of somatiform disorder; occurs when a person is preoccupied with a slight physical anomaly or imagined defect in appearance

50
Q

hypochondriasis

A

a type of somatiform disorder; occurs when a person is preoccupied with a fear of having a serious illness for at least 6 months and the fear is not relieved even when medical investigation reveals no illness

51
Q

schizophrenia

A

a chronic, incapacitating disorder by which a person is out of touch with reality (psychotic) and suffers material impairment in social, occupational, or personal function; symptoms of psychosis can either be positive (meaning something has been added) or negative (meaning something has been taken away); symptoms must be present for at least 6 months

52
Q

paranoid-type schizophrenia

A

psychosis occurs in the form of hallucinations and/or delusions, usually relating to a certain theme; negative symptoms, such as disorganized speech and catatonic behavior are not usually present

53
Q

disorganized-type schizophrenia

A

psychosis occurs in the form of a flat or inappropriate affect, disorganized speech (in which words are connected by rhymes, sounds, or free associations to the point where speech becomes unintelligible), and disorganized behavior (includes things like disrobing in public and laughing for no reason); delusions and hallucinations are not prominent

54
Q

catatonic type schizophrenia

A

psychosis occurs in the form of catatonic behavior; can include extremely retarded or excited motor activity

55
Q

undifferentiated-type schizophrenia

A

occurs when the basic criteria for schizophrenia are met, but the symptoms do not fit into one of the subtypes described

56
Q

residual type schizophrenia

A

occurs when the acute phase of schizophrenia has resolved and the symptoms are no longer met, but the person still appears off and some symptoms are still present in milder forms

57
Q

brief psychotic disorder

A

occurs when a person has displayed one basic psychotic symptom for less than a month

58
Q

schizophreniform disorder

A

occurs when a person has displayed the symptoms of schizophrenia for 1-6 months, during which time the symptoms may or may not have interfered with a person’s functioning

59
Q

schizoaffective disorder

A

occurs when both the symptoms of schizophrenia and a major depressive, manic, or mixed episode are experiences for at least one month

60
Q

mood disorders

A

a persistant pattern of abnormal mood serious enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational, and personal function

61
Q

affect

A

a person’s visible emotion in the moment

62
Q

mood

A

a person’s sustained internal emotion that colors his or her view of life

63
Q

major depressive disorder

A

a type of mood disorder; occurs when the person has suffered one or more major depressive episodes, in which they have felt worse than usual for most of the day, nearly everyday, for at least 2 weeks

64
Q

dysthymic disorder

A

a less intense, chronic form of depression in which a person has felt milder symptoms of depression most days for at least two years, with symptoms never absent for more than two months, without experiencing any major depressive episodes

65
Q

bipolar disorder

A

a type of mood disorder; occurs when a person experiences cyclic mood episodes at both extremes or “poles”: depression and mania

66
Q

bipolar I disorder

A

occurs when a person has experienced at least one manic or mixed episode

67
Q

manic episode

A 
occurs when a person has experienced abnormal euphoric, unrestrained, or irritable mood for at least one week, with at least three of the following symptoms:
grandiose or delusional self-esteem
high energy with no need for sleep
increased talking
poor judgment
increased psychomotor activity
distractibility
68
Q

mixed episode

A

a person has met the criteria for major depressive and manic episodes everyday for at least 1 week and the symptoms are severe enough to cause psychotic features

69
Q

bipolar II disorder

A

occurs when the manic phases are less extreme; a person has experienced cyclic moods, including at least one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode, and no manic or mixed episodes

70
Q

hypomanic episode

A

for at least 4 days, a person has experienced an abnormally euphoric or irritable mood, with at least 3 symptoms of a manic episode, but at less severe levels

71
Q

cyclothymic disorder

A

is similar to bipolar disorder but the moods are less extreme; the person has experienced cyclic moods, including hypomanic episodes and many episodes of depressed mood that are milder than major depressive episodes for at least two years

72
Q

dissociative disorders

A

disruptions in awareness, memory, and identity that are extreme and/or frequent and cause distress or impaired functioning

73
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

a type of dissociative disorder; occurs when a person has had at least one episode of suddenly forgetting some important personal information, usually related to severe stress or trauma; amnesia can be localized (occurs when they forget everything from the event), selective (forget some events during that particular time), or generalized (forget their whole lifetime); usually ends suddenly with full recovery of memory

74
Q

dissociative fugue

A

occurs when a person suddenly goes on a journey, during which they cannot recall personal history prior to the journey

75
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

occurs when a person alternates among two or more distinct identities, only one of which interacts with other people at any one time

76
Q

depersonalization disorder

A

occurs when a person has a recurring or persistent feeling of being cut off or detached from his or her body or mental processes, as if observing themselves from the outside

77
Q

personality disorders

A

an enduring, rigid set of personality traits that deviate from cultural norms

78
Q

biological basis for schizophrenia

A

suggests that the pathway for the neurotransmitter, dopamine, is hyperactive in people with schizophrenia (dopamine hypothesis); in addition, schizophrenics have large cavities in their brains and less folding

79
Q

dementia

A

severe loss of cognitive ability beyond what is expected from normal aging

80
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

characterized by the inability to form new memories (known as anterograde amnesia); is characterized by the formation of neurotic plaques, hard formations of B-amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles

81
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

is a movement disorder caused by death of cells that generate dopamine in the basal ganglia and substantial nigra

Psychology (7 decks)

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