Chapter 5: Learning, Memory, and Behavior

Question 1

reflexive movements

Answer 1

primitive, involuntary movements that serve to “prime” the neuromuscular system and form the basis of more sophisticated movements (occurs in the first year of life)

Question 2

rudimentary movements

Answer 2

the first voluntary movements performed by a child; includes rolling, sitting, crawling, and standing (occurs from birth to around age 2)

Question 3

fundamental movements

Answer 3

the child learns to manipulate its body through actions such as running, jumping, throwing and catching (occurs from age 2 to age 7); is highly influenced by environment

Question 4

specialized movement

Answer 4

children learn how to combine the fundamental movements and apply them to specific tasks

Question 5

lifelong application stage

Answer 5

movements are continually applied to normal activity (continues into adulthood)

Question 6

infantile amnesia

Answer 6

the inability to remember anything before 3.5 years (even though babies are still capable of learning and memory)

Question 7

stranger anxiety

Answer 7

occurs from 8-12 months; infants become distressed when introduced to new faces; peaks around 13 months and then declines

Question 8

Harry and Margaret Harlow

Answer 8

discovered contact comfort is an essential element of infant/mother bonding through experiments involving cloth and wire “mother” monkeys

Question 9

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 9

conducted the “stranger situation experiment” in which infants were placed in unfamiliar environments (securely attached versus insecurely attached infants)