Chapter 6: Personality Assesment Flashcards
What are the five factor Model (ffm)?
-openness to experience
-conscientiousness
-extraversion
-agreeableness
-neuroticism
What is the Ocean acronym stand for in the Five Factor Model?
O.C.E.A.N
What are the facets of neuroticism?
Anxiety
Hostility
Depression
Self-consciousness
Impulsiveness
Vulnerability
What are the facets of extraversion?
Warmth
Gregariousness
Assertiveness
Activity
Excitement
Seeking
Positive emotions
What are the facets of openness to experiences?
Fantasy
Aesthetics
Feelings
Actions
Ideas
Values
what are the facets of agreeableness?
Trust
Straightforwardness
Altruism
Compliance
Modesty
Tender-mindedness
What are the facets of conscientiousness?
Competence
Order
Dutifulness
Achievement
Striving
Self-discipline
Deliberation
Behaviorist view of personality
-product of situational factors
* learning/conditioning from environment
* behaviors learned through reinforcement
(Behavior can also be shaped by culture)
what is the middle ground?
Human behavior and emotion is an interaction of personality traits and situational factors
What are the requirements of useful personality tests?
-standardization
-Reliability
-incremental validity
What is standardization?
Follow Sam escorting and administration procedures each time
What is reliability?
Similar results for the same individual upon multiple testing
What is Incremental validity?
Provide information not provided by other sources/predict a persons future behavior
-(helps clinicians to guide treatment)
What are the types of personality tests?
-projective/objective tests
-Hermann Rorschach used for inkblots for psychiatric diagnosis
-observe responses of ppl to ambiguous situations (inkblots)
Projective tests
-responses to ambiguous stimuli are assed
-based on projective hypothesis (test takers unconsciously reveal personality)
-emphasize freuds concept of projection
-provide incremental validity
Rorschach Inkblots Test description
-several approaches to administering/scoring/interpreting results
-descrip: 10 inkblots (10 black/white/grey & 5 w/ colors)
-administration: respondent tells what is seen (clinician records responses verbatim)
-Inquiry: clinician asks for causes/prompts for responses elaboration/clarification
Rorschach inkblots test scoring
Methods vary 3 determinants
-Location: area of card which individual responds
- Content : nature of object perceived in inkblot
-Determinants: aspects of card that evoked response (weight given to determinants than content)
Rorschach inkblot interpretation
Complex and subject to illusory correlation
-overuse of form suggest conformity
-poor form may suggest psychosis
-color is said to relate to emotionality
-overuse of white spaces indicates opposition
-detailed indicates ocd
-small animals = passivity; blood hostility
-turning a card indicates suspicion
Rorschach inkblot test reliability + validity
R: clinicians freewheel interpretive approaches
V: avg/moderate through mats-analysis controversial (scores unsupported by research) *lots of skeptics
What is the Thematic Apperception Test? (TAT)
• Individuals respond to a series of pictures
• Clinicians are likely to make specific judgments from responses
Description
• 31 cards (one is blank) of people of unclear gender in varied situations
• Less ambiguous and unstructured as the Rorschach
Who introduced the Thematic apperception test?
Morgan and Murray
Thematic apperception test administration
Administration:
-clinicians select 6-12 cards
-respondents stories transcribed verabtim
Thematic apperception test Scoring/Interpretation
Lindzey and Silverman’s interpretation:
• Paranoia: using stereotyped phrases
• Anxiety: emotional trauma, accidents
• Dependency: family member references
• Sexual problems: avoiding to mention sexual clues in pictures
What are objective tests?
Have standard question statements administered w/ fixed responses
Objective tests advantages
-economical: can be given to groups/individuals
-brief instructions: simple scoring
-objective and reliable
Objective test disadvantages
-response may not indicate actual behavior
-several interpretations of same score
-fake responses
- exp/culture/context can influence interpretation and responses
Constructing Objective Tests
Content validation; making sure that test measures all aspect of construct of interest
Methods: -careful defining relevant construct aspects
-assessing revelance of each potential item
-evaluating their psychometric properties
Limitations on objective tests
• may interpret items differently
• Responses may be untrue, “socially desirable”
Empirical Criterion Keying
• Assumption is that certain groups of people will respond in a similar way
• Difficulty to interpret meaning of scores
Factor Analysis
A statistical method determining whether
potential items are, or not, related to each other
• Strength: emphasizes empiricism
• Weakness: Unclear whether variables of
interest are measured
Construct Validity Approach
Combines aspects of the content validity,
empirical criterion keying, and factor analytic
approaches
The MMPI
Validity Scales by
• 10 validity scales in MMPI-3
• Account for questions unanswered, or answered in defensive, or socially desirable way Reliability and Validity
• Clinical scale scores show good test-retest
reliability
• Good convergent and discriminant validity
• Incremental validity neglected, as in other tests
revised neo personality inventory
-self measure
Scoring/intrpretation: hand/computer scoring
Reliability:high internal consistency
Limitations:lacks validity, developed for Normal personality
Discrimination and bias in personality testing
-of test were overrepresented by white middle class educated ppl
-systematic discrimination against minorities
-lack of exposure to working
-biased scoring
